Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review

The present work reviews studies with information on the effects of water by itself on stones of the built environment both to assess the impact of this substance and to discuss possible implications for conservation. The analysis concerns empirical results from previous publications dealing with th...

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Autores principales:	Carlos Alves, Carlos A. M. Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Ana C. Hernández
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	laboratory testing stone decay freeze–thaw wetting-drying fountains oxidation stains Geology QE1-996.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e7be1fb3084b4c8a9dd8c49c15810201
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:e7be1fb3084b4c8a9dd8c49c15810201
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e7be1fb3084b4c8a9dd8c49c158102012021-11-25T17:42:59ZEffects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review10.3390/geosciences111104592076-3263https://doaj.org/article/e7be1fb3084b4c8a9dd8c49c158102012021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/11/11/459https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3263The present work reviews studies with information on the effects of water by itself on stones of the built environment both to assess the impact of this substance and to discuss possible implications for conservation. The analysis concerns empirical results from previous publications dealing with the effects, on several rock types, of freeze–thaw, wetting, erosion by running water and substances resulting from the water–stone interaction. Laboratory studies have shown that water freezing can cause physical damage even in low porosity rocks. As far as we know, this is the first review that considers comparative laboratory studies of freeze–thaw and salt crystallization on the same rock specimens, and these point to lower erosive effects than salt weathering, as freeze–thaw can provoke catastrophic cracking. Wetting has shown strong damaging effects on some fine-grained clastic rocks. Erosive features have been reported for rain exposition and for some fountain settings albeit, in these field studies, it could be difficult to assess the contribution of pollutants transported by water (this assessment could have meaningful implications for stone conservation, especially in fountain settings). Water also interacts with stone constituents, namely sulfides and soluble salts, releasing substances that could impact those stones. Sulfides are a relatively frequent issue for slates and granites, and our observations suggest that for this last rock type, this issue is mostly associated with the presence of enclaves and, hence, avoiding the surface exposition of such enclaves could solve the problem.Carlos AlvesCarlos A. M. FigueiredoJorge Sanjurjo-SánchezAna C. HernándezMDPI AGarticlelaboratory testingstone decayfreeze–thawwetting-dryingfountainsoxidation stainsGeologyQE1-996.5ENGeosciences, Vol 11, Iss 459, p 459 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	laboratory testing stone decay freeze–thaw wetting-drying fountains oxidation stains Geology QE1-996.5
spellingShingle	laboratory testing stone decay freeze–thaw wetting-drying fountains oxidation stains Geology QE1-996.5 Carlos Alves Carlos A. M. Figueiredo Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez Ana C. Hernández Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review
description	The present work reviews studies with information on the effects of water by itself on stones of the built environment both to assess the impact of this substance and to discuss possible implications for conservation. The analysis concerns empirical results from previous publications dealing with the effects, on several rock types, of freeze–thaw, wetting, erosion by running water and substances resulting from the water–stone interaction. Laboratory studies have shown that water freezing can cause physical damage even in low porosity rocks. As far as we know, this is the first review that considers comparative laboratory studies of freeze–thaw and salt crystallization on the same rock specimens, and these point to lower erosive effects than salt weathering, as freeze–thaw can provoke catastrophic cracking. Wetting has shown strong damaging effects on some fine-grained clastic rocks. Erosive features have been reported for rain exposition and for some fountain settings albeit, in these field studies, it could be difficult to assess the contribution of pollutants transported by water (this assessment could have meaningful implications for stone conservation, especially in fountain settings). Water also interacts with stone constituents, namely sulfides and soluble salts, releasing substances that could impact those stones. Sulfides are a relatively frequent issue for slates and granites, and our observations suggest that for this last rock type, this issue is mostly associated with the presence of enclaves and, hence, avoiding the surface exposition of such enclaves could solve the problem.
format	article
author	Carlos Alves Carlos A. M. Figueiredo Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez Ana C. Hernández
author_facet	Carlos Alves Carlos A. M. Figueiredo Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez Ana C. Hernández
author_sort	Carlos Alves
title	Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review
title_short	Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review
title_full	Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review
title_fullStr	Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review
title_sort	effects of water on natural stone in the built environment—a review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e7be1fb3084b4c8a9dd8c49c15810201
work_keys_str_mv	AT carlosalves effectsofwateronnaturalstoneinthebuiltenvironmentareview AT carlosamfigueiredo effectsofwateronnaturalstoneinthebuiltenvironmentareview AT jorgesanjurjosanchez effectsofwateronnaturalstoneinthebuiltenvironmentareview AT anachernandez effectsofwateronnaturalstoneinthebuiltenvironmentareview
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Effects of Water on Natural Stone in the Built Environment—A Review

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