Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.

Oviposition site selection by herbivores can depend not only on the quality of host resources, but also on the risk of predation, parasitism and interference. Females of the lycaenid butterfly Arhopala bazalus (Lepidoptera) lay eggs primarily on old host foliage away from fresh growth, where larval...

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Autores principales:	Yukari Mochioka, Motoaki Kinoshita, Makoto Tokuda
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e837f46b11c84301b1da96ca72912eb9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e837f46b11c84301b1da96ca72912eb92021-12-02T20:05:28ZOviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0252239https://doaj.org/article/e837f46b11c84301b1da96ca72912eb92021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252239https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Oviposition site selection by herbivores can depend not only on the quality of host resources, but also on the risk of predation, parasitism and interference. Females of the lycaenid butterfly Arhopala bazalus (Lepidoptera) lay eggs primarily on old host foliage away from fresh growth, where larval offspring live and feed. Resource availability of young host leaves seems not to affect the oviposition site preference by the females. To clarify the adaptive significance of A. bazalus oviposition behavior on old foliage, we tested three hypotheses: eggs on fresh foliage are (1) easily dropped during rapid leaf expansion (bottom-up hypothesis), (2) more likely to be attacked by egg parasitoids (top-down hypothesis), and (3) frequently displaced or injured by other herbivores (interference hypothesis). In field surveys, rates of egg dropping and parasitism by egg parasitoids were not significantly different between fresh and old host parts. However, the portions of fresh leaves on which A. bazalus eggs had been laid were cut from shoots on which conspecific larvae fed. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that eggs on young leaves were displaced in the presence of conspecific larvae and we observed that fifth instar larvae actively displaced conspecific eggs by feeding on the surrounding leaf tissue. These findings indicate that eggs laid on fresh leaves are at risk of being displaced by conspecific larvae, and support the interference hypothesis. Larval behavior is a likely evolutionary force for A. bazalus to lay eggs apart from larval feeding sites on the host plant.Yukari MochiokaMotoaki KinoshitaMakoto TokudaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 5, p e0252239 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Yukari Mochioka Motoaki Kinoshita Makoto Tokuda Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.
description	Oviposition site selection by herbivores can depend not only on the quality of host resources, but also on the risk of predation, parasitism and interference. Females of the lycaenid butterfly Arhopala bazalus (Lepidoptera) lay eggs primarily on old host foliage away from fresh growth, where larval offspring live and feed. Resource availability of young host leaves seems not to affect the oviposition site preference by the females. To clarify the adaptive significance of A. bazalus oviposition behavior on old foliage, we tested three hypotheses: eggs on fresh foliage are (1) easily dropped during rapid leaf expansion (bottom-up hypothesis), (2) more likely to be attacked by egg parasitoids (top-down hypothesis), and (3) frequently displaced or injured by other herbivores (interference hypothesis). In field surveys, rates of egg dropping and parasitism by egg parasitoids were not significantly different between fresh and old host parts. However, the portions of fresh leaves on which A. bazalus eggs had been laid were cut from shoots on which conspecific larvae fed. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that eggs on young leaves were displaced in the presence of conspecific larvae and we observed that fifth instar larvae actively displaced conspecific eggs by feeding on the surrounding leaf tissue. These findings indicate that eggs laid on fresh leaves are at risk of being displaced by conspecific larvae, and support the interference hypothesis. Larval behavior is a likely evolutionary force for A. bazalus to lay eggs apart from larval feeding sites on the host plant.
format	article
author	Yukari Mochioka Motoaki Kinoshita Makoto Tokuda
author_facet	Yukari Mochioka Motoaki Kinoshita Makoto Tokuda
author_sort	Yukari Mochioka
title	Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.
title_short	Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.
title_full	Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.
title_fullStr	Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.
title_full_unstemmed	Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.
title_sort	oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e837f46b11c84301b1da96ca72912eb9
work_keys_str_mv	AT yukarimochioka ovipositionbyalycaenidbutterflyontooldhostpartsisadaptivetoavoidinterferencebyconspecificlarvae AT motoakikinoshita ovipositionbyalycaenidbutterflyontooldhostpartsisadaptivetoavoidinterferencebyconspecificlarvae AT makototokuda ovipositionbyalycaenidbutterflyontooldhostpartsisadaptivetoavoidinterferencebyconspecificlarvae
_version_	1718375515204616192

Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae.

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