Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy

Hassan A Hemeg Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract: Despite an array of cogent antibiotics, bacterial infections, notably those produced by nosocomial pathogens, still remain a leading facto...

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Autor principal:	Hemeg HA
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:	Antibacterial metallic nanoparticles microbicidal nanomedicines microbial biofilms antibiotic resistance. Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e88302ac17494428b6b4a7dd5876158e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e88302ac17494428b6b4a7dd5876158e2021-12-02T05:04:29ZNanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/e88302ac17494428b6b4a7dd5876158e2017-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/nanomaterials-for-alternative-antibacterial-therapy-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Hassan A Hemeg Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract: Despite an array of cogent antibiotics, bacterial infections, notably those produced by nosocomial pathogens, still remain a leading factor of morbidity and mortality around the globe. They target the severely ill, hospitalized and immunocompromised patients with incapacitated immune system, who are prone to infections. The choice of antimicrobial therapy is largely empirical and not devoid of toxicity, hypersensitivity, teratogenicity and/or mutagenicity. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria further intensifies the clinical predicament as it directly impacts public health due to diminished potency of current antibiotics. In addition, there is an escalating concern with respect to biofilm-associated infections that are refractory to the presently available antimicrobial armory, leaving almost no therapeutic option. Hence, there is a dire need to develop alternate antibacterial agents. The past decade has witnessed a substantial upsurge in the global use of nanomedicines as innovative tools for combating the high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Antibacterial activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been extensively reported. The microbes are eliminated either by microbicidal effects of the NPs, such as release of free metal ions culminating in cell membrane damage, DNA interactions or free radical generation, or by microbiostatic effects coupled with killing potentiated by the host’s immune system. This review encompasses the magnitude of multidrug resistance in nosocomial infections, bacterial evasion of the host immune system, mechanisms used by bacteria to develop drug resistance and the use of nanomaterials based on metals to overcome these challenges. The diverse annihilative effects of conventional and biogenic metal NPs for antibacterial activity are also discussed. The use of polymer-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites, alone or functionalized with ligands, antibodies or antibiotics, as alternative antimicrobial agents for treating severe bacterial infections is also discussed. Combinatorial therapy with metallic NPs, as adjunct to the existing antibiotics, may aid to restrain the mounting menace of bacterial resistance and nosocomial threat. Keywords: antibacterial, metallic nanoparticles, microbicidal, nanomedicines, microbial biofilms, antibiotic resistanceHemeg HADove Medical PressarticleAntibacterialmetallic nanoparticlesmicrobicidalnanomedicinesmicrobial biofilmsantibiotic resistance.Medicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 12, Pp 8211-8225 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Antibacterial metallic nanoparticles microbicidal nanomedicines microbial biofilms antibiotic resistance. Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Antibacterial metallic nanoparticles microbicidal nanomedicines microbial biofilms antibiotic resistance. Medicine (General) R5-920 Hemeg HA Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy
description	Hassan A Hemeg Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract: Despite an array of cogent antibiotics, bacterial infections, notably those produced by nosocomial pathogens, still remain a leading factor of morbidity and mortality around the globe. They target the severely ill, hospitalized and immunocompromised patients with incapacitated immune system, who are prone to infections. The choice of antimicrobial therapy is largely empirical and not devoid of toxicity, hypersensitivity, teratogenicity and/or mutagenicity. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria further intensifies the clinical predicament as it directly impacts public health due to diminished potency of current antibiotics. In addition, there is an escalating concern with respect to biofilm-associated infections that are refractory to the presently available antimicrobial armory, leaving almost no therapeutic option. Hence, there is a dire need to develop alternate antibacterial agents. The past decade has witnessed a substantial upsurge in the global use of nanomedicines as innovative tools for combating the high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Antibacterial activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been extensively reported. The microbes are eliminated either by microbicidal effects of the NPs, such as release of free metal ions culminating in cell membrane damage, DNA interactions or free radical generation, or by microbiostatic effects coupled with killing potentiated by the host’s immune system. This review encompasses the magnitude of multidrug resistance in nosocomial infections, bacterial evasion of the host immune system, mechanisms used by bacteria to develop drug resistance and the use of nanomaterials based on metals to overcome these challenges. The diverse annihilative effects of conventional and biogenic metal NPs for antibacterial activity are also discussed. The use of polymer-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites, alone or functionalized with ligands, antibodies or antibiotics, as alternative antimicrobial agents for treating severe bacterial infections is also discussed. Combinatorial therapy with metallic NPs, as adjunct to the existing antibiotics, may aid to restrain the mounting menace of bacterial resistance and nosocomial threat. Keywords: antibacterial, metallic nanoparticles, microbicidal, nanomedicines, microbial biofilms, antibiotic resistance
format	article
author	Hemeg HA
author_facet	Hemeg HA
author_sort	Hemeg HA
title	Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy
title_short	Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy
title_full	Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy
title_fullStr	Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy
title_full_unstemmed	Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy
title_sort	nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/e88302ac17494428b6b4a7dd5876158e
work_keys_str_mv	AT hemegha nanomaterialsforalternativeantibacterialtherapy
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Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy

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