Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia

Annelore H van Dalen-Kok,1 Wilco P Achterberg,1 Wieke E Rijkmans,1 Sara A Tukker-van Vuuren,1 Suzanne Delwel,2,3 Henrica CW de Vet,4 Frank Lobbezoo,2,5 Margot WM de Waal1 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, 2Department of Oral Kinesiology, Academ...

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Autores principales:	van Dalen-Kok AH, Achterberg WP, Rijkmans WE, Tukker-van Vuuren SA, Delwel S, de Vet HCW, Lobbezoo F, de Waal MWM
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:	content validity dementia education nursing home observational pain measurement tool pain Geriatrics RC952-954.6
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e8fc0f14d5b540a8bfc1946680fc3ff2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e8fc0f14d5b540a8bfc1946680fc3ff22021-12-02T01:41:40ZPain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia1178-1998https://doaj.org/article/e8fc0f14d5b540a8bfc1946680fc3ff22017-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/pain-assessment-in-impaired-cognition-paic-content-validity-of-the-dut-peer-reviewed-article-CIAhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-1998Annelore H van Dalen-Kok,1 Wilco P Achterberg,1 Wieke E Rijkmans,1 Sara A Tukker-van Vuuren,1 Suzanne Delwel,2,3 Henrica CW de Vet,4 Frank Lobbezoo,2,5 Margot WM de Waal1 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, 2Department of Oral Kinesiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, 3Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, 5MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Objectives: Detection and measurement of pain in persons with dementia by using observational pain measurement tools is essential. However, the evidence for the psychometric properties of existing observational tools remains limited. Therefore, a new meta-tool has been developed: Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC), as a collaborative EU action. The aim is to describe the translation procedure and content validity of the Dutch version of the PAIC.Methods: Translation of the PAIC into Dutch followed the forward-backward approach of the Guidelines for Establishing Cultural Equivalence of Instruments. A questionnaire survey was administered to clinical nursing home experts (20 physicians and 20 nurses) to determine whether the PAIC items are indicative of pain and whether items are specific for pain or for other disorders (anxiety disorder, delirium, dementia, or depression). To quantify content validity, mean scores per item were calculated.Results: Eleven items were indicative of pain, for example, “frowning,” “freezing,” and “groaning.” Fifteen items were considered to be pain-specific, for example, “frowning,” “curling up,” and “complaining.” There were discrepancies between the notion of pain characteristics according to nurses and physicians, especially in the facial expressions domain.Discussion: Within the body movement domain, PAIC items correspond well with the clinical experience of the physicians and nurses. However, items in the facial expressions and vocalizations domains need further study with respect to item reduction. Also, differences were revealed in the notion of pain characteristics between physicians and nurses, suggesting the need for more interdisciplinary education on pain in dementia. Keywords: content validity, dementia, education, nursing home, observational pain measurement tool, painvan Dalen-Kok AHAchterberg WPRijkmans WETukker-van Vuuren SADelwel Sde Vet HCWLobbezoo Fde Waal MWMDove Medical Pressarticlecontent validitydementiaeducationnursing homeobservational pain measurement toolpainGeriatricsRC952-954.6ENClinical Interventions in Aging, Vol Volume 13, Pp 25-34 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	content validity dementia education nursing home observational pain measurement tool pain Geriatrics RC952-954.6
spellingShingle	content validity dementia education nursing home observational pain measurement tool pain Geriatrics RC952-954.6 van Dalen-Kok AH Achterberg WP Rijkmans WE Tukker-van Vuuren SA Delwel S de Vet HCW Lobbezoo F de Waal MWM Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia
description	Annelore H van Dalen-Kok,1 Wilco P Achterberg,1 Wieke E Rijkmans,1 Sara A Tukker-van Vuuren,1 Suzanne Delwel,2,3 Henrica CW de Vet,4 Frank Lobbezoo,2,5 Margot WM de Waal1 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, 2Department of Oral Kinesiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, 3Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, 5MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Objectives: Detection and measurement of pain in persons with dementia by using observational pain measurement tools is essential. However, the evidence for the psychometric properties of existing observational tools remains limited. Therefore, a new meta-tool has been developed: Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC), as a collaborative EU action. The aim is to describe the translation procedure and content validity of the Dutch version of the PAIC.Methods: Translation of the PAIC into Dutch followed the forward-backward approach of the Guidelines for Establishing Cultural Equivalence of Instruments. A questionnaire survey was administered to clinical nursing home experts (20 physicians and 20 nurses) to determine whether the PAIC items are indicative of pain and whether items are specific for pain or for other disorders (anxiety disorder, delirium, dementia, or depression). To quantify content validity, mean scores per item were calculated.Results: Eleven items were indicative of pain, for example, “frowning,” “freezing,” and “groaning.” Fifteen items were considered to be pain-specific, for example, “frowning,” “curling up,” and “complaining.” There were discrepancies between the notion of pain characteristics according to nurses and physicians, especially in the facial expressions domain.Discussion: Within the body movement domain, PAIC items correspond well with the clinical experience of the physicians and nurses. However, items in the facial expressions and vocalizations domains need further study with respect to item reduction. Also, differences were revealed in the notion of pain characteristics between physicians and nurses, suggesting the need for more interdisciplinary education on pain in dementia. Keywords: content validity, dementia, education, nursing home, observational pain measurement tool, pain
format	article
author	van Dalen-Kok AH Achterberg WP Rijkmans WE Tukker-van Vuuren SA Delwel S de Vet HCW Lobbezoo F de Waal MWM
author_facet	van Dalen-Kok AH Achterberg WP Rijkmans WE Tukker-van Vuuren SA Delwel S de Vet HCW Lobbezoo F de Waal MWM
author_sort	van Dalen-Kok AH
title	Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia
title_short	Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia
title_full	Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia
title_fullStr	Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia
title_full_unstemmed	Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia
title_sort	pain assessment in impaired cognition (paic): content validity of the dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/e8fc0f14d5b540a8bfc1946680fc3ff2
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Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC): content validity of the Dutch version of a new and universal tool to measure pain in dementia

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