Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain

Abstract Although light flickering at 40 Hz reduced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathologies in mice by entraining gamma waves, it failed to reduce cerebral amyloid burden in a study on six patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment. We investigated the optimal color, intensity, and frequency of the...

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Autores principales:	Kanghee Lee, Yeseung Park, Seung Wan Suh, Sang-Su Kim, Do-Won Kim, Jaeho Lee, Jaehyeok Park, Seunghyup Yoo, Ki Woong Kim
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e90ac9f623694a3fa1aa7db34594f98c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e90ac9f623694a3fa1aa7db34594f98c2021-12-02T15:08:23ZOptimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain10.1038/s41598-021-95550-12045-2322https://doaj.org/article/e90ac9f623694a3fa1aa7db34594f98c2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95550-1https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Although light flickering at 40 Hz reduced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathologies in mice by entraining gamma waves, it failed to reduce cerebral amyloid burden in a study on six patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment. We investigated the optimal color, intensity, and frequency of the flickering light stimulus for entraining gamma waves in young adults. We compared the event-related synchronization (ERS) values of entrained gamma waves between four different light colors (white, red, green, and blue) in the first experiment and four different luminance intensities in the second experiment. In both experiments, we compared the ERS values of entrained gamma waves between 10 different flickering frequencies from 32 to 50 Hz. We also examined the severity of six adverse effects in both experiments. We compared the propagation of gamma waves in the visual cortex to other brain regions between different luminance intensities and flickering frequencies. We found that red light entrained gamma waves most effectively, followed by white light. Lights of higher luminance intensities (700 and 400 cd/m2) entrained stronger gamma waves than those of lower luminance intensities (100 and 10 cd/m2). Lights flickering at 34–38 Hz entrained stronger and more widely spread beyond the visual cortex than those flickering at 40–50 Hz. Light of 700 cd/m2 resulted in more moderate-to-severe adverse effects than those of other luminance intensities. In humans, 400 cd/m2 white light flickering at 34–38 Hz was most optimal for gamma entrainment.Kanghee LeeYeseung ParkSeung Wan SuhSang-Su KimDo-Won KimJaeho LeeJaehyeok ParkSeunghyup YooKi Woong KimNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Kanghee Lee Yeseung Park Seung Wan Suh Sang-Su Kim Do-Won Kim Jaeho Lee Jaehyeok Park Seunghyup Yoo Ki Woong Kim Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain
description	Abstract Although light flickering at 40 Hz reduced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathologies in mice by entraining gamma waves, it failed to reduce cerebral amyloid burden in a study on six patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment. We investigated the optimal color, intensity, and frequency of the flickering light stimulus for entraining gamma waves in young adults. We compared the event-related synchronization (ERS) values of entrained gamma waves between four different light colors (white, red, green, and blue) in the first experiment and four different luminance intensities in the second experiment. In both experiments, we compared the ERS values of entrained gamma waves between 10 different flickering frequencies from 32 to 50 Hz. We also examined the severity of six adverse effects in both experiments. We compared the propagation of gamma waves in the visual cortex to other brain regions between different luminance intensities and flickering frequencies. We found that red light entrained gamma waves most effectively, followed by white light. Lights of higher luminance intensities (700 and 400 cd/m2) entrained stronger gamma waves than those of lower luminance intensities (100 and 10 cd/m2). Lights flickering at 34–38 Hz entrained stronger and more widely spread beyond the visual cortex than those flickering at 40–50 Hz. Light of 700 cd/m2 resulted in more moderate-to-severe adverse effects than those of other luminance intensities. In humans, 400 cd/m2 white light flickering at 34–38 Hz was most optimal for gamma entrainment.
format	article
author	Kanghee Lee Yeseung Park Seung Wan Suh Sang-Su Kim Do-Won Kim Jaeho Lee Jaehyeok Park Seunghyup Yoo Ki Woong Kim
author_facet	Kanghee Lee Yeseung Park Seung Wan Suh Sang-Su Kim Do-Won Kim Jaeho Lee Jaehyeok Park Seunghyup Yoo Ki Woong Kim
author_sort	Kanghee Lee
title	Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain
title_short	Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain
title_full	Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain
title_fullStr	Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain
title_full_unstemmed	Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain
title_sort	optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e90ac9f623694a3fa1aa7db34594f98c
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Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain

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