A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling

Groundwater in Iraq is considered to be an alternative water resource, especially for areas far away from surface water. Groundwater is affected by many factors including climate change, industrial activities, urbanization, and industrialization. In this study, the effect of artificial recharge on t...

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Autores principales:	Waqed H. Hassan, Basim K. Nile, Karrar Mahdi, Jan Wesseling, Coen Ritsema
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	artificial recharge Dibdibba aquifer groundwater modeling system GMS Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e94531792d904e0e8633059bf9d642b5
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:e94531792d904e0e8633059bf9d642b5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e94531792d904e0e8633059bf9d642b52021-11-25T19:14:58ZA Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling10.3390/w132231672073-4441https://doaj.org/article/e94531792d904e0e8633059bf9d642b52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3167https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Groundwater in Iraq is considered to be an alternative water resource, especially for areas far away from surface water. Groundwater is affected by many factors including climate change, industrial activities, urbanization, and industrialization. In this study, the effect of artificial recharge on the quantity of groundwater in the Dibdibba unconfined aquifer in Iraq was simulated using a groundwater modeling system (GMS). The main raw water source used in the artificial recharge process was the reclaimed water output (tertiary treatment) from the main wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Kerbala, with 20 injection wells. After calibration and validation of the three-dimensional numerical model used in this study and taking wastewater recharge rates into account, two different scenarios were applied to obtain the expected behavior of the aquifer when the groundwater levels were augmented with 5% and 10% of the daily outflow production of the WWTP in Kerbala. The model matched the observed head elevations with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.951 for steady state and R<sup>2</sup>= 0.894 for transient simulations. The results indicate that the injection of treated water through 20 wells raised the water table in more than 91 and 136 km<sup>2</sup> for 5000 and 10,000 m<sup>3</sup>/day pumping rates, respectively. Moreover, increasing the volume of water added to the aquifer could lead to establishing new agricultural areas, spanning more than 62 km<sup>2</sup>, extending about 20 km along the river.Waqed H. HassanBasim K. NileKarrar MahdiJan WesselingCoen RitsemaMDPI AGarticleartificial rechargeDibdibba aquifergroundwater modeling systemGMSHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3167, p 3167 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	artificial recharge Dibdibba aquifer groundwater modeling system GMS Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	artificial recharge Dibdibba aquifer groundwater modeling system GMS Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Waqed H. Hassan Basim K. Nile Karrar Mahdi Jan Wesseling Coen Ritsema A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling
description	Groundwater in Iraq is considered to be an alternative water resource, especially for areas far away from surface water. Groundwater is affected by many factors including climate change, industrial activities, urbanization, and industrialization. In this study, the effect of artificial recharge on the quantity of groundwater in the Dibdibba unconfined aquifer in Iraq was simulated using a groundwater modeling system (GMS). The main raw water source used in the artificial recharge process was the reclaimed water output (tertiary treatment) from the main wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Kerbala, with 20 injection wells. After calibration and validation of the three-dimensional numerical model used in this study and taking wastewater recharge rates into account, two different scenarios were applied to obtain the expected behavior of the aquifer when the groundwater levels were augmented with 5% and 10% of the daily outflow production of the WWTP in Kerbala. The model matched the observed head elevations with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.951 for steady state and R<sup>2</sup>= 0.894 for transient simulations. The results indicate that the injection of treated water through 20 wells raised the water table in more than 91 and 136 km<sup>2</sup> for 5000 and 10,000 m<sup>3</sup>/day pumping rates, respectively. Moreover, increasing the volume of water added to the aquifer could lead to establishing new agricultural areas, spanning more than 62 km<sup>2</sup>, extending about 20 km along the river.
format	article
author	Waqed H. Hassan Basim K. Nile Karrar Mahdi Jan Wesseling Coen Ritsema
author_facet	Waqed H. Hassan Basim K. Nile Karrar Mahdi Jan Wesseling Coen Ritsema
author_sort	Waqed H. Hassan
title	A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling
title_short	A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling
title_full	A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling
title_fullStr	A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling
title_full_unstemmed	A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling
title_sort	feasibility assessment of potential artificial recharge for increasing agricultural areas in the kerbala desert in iraq using numerical groundwater modeling
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e94531792d904e0e8633059bf9d642b5
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A Feasibility Assessment of Potential Artificial Recharge for Increasing Agricultural Areas in the Kerbala Desert in Iraq Using Numerical Groundwater Modeling

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