Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles

Abstract The pure alpha emitter 148Gd may have a significant radiological impact in terms of internal dose to exposed humans in case of accidental releases from a spallation source using a tungsten target, such as the one to be used in the European Spallation Source (ESS). In this work we aim to pre...

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Autores principales:	C. Rääf, V. Barkauskas, K. Eriksson Stenström, C. Bernhardsson, H. B. L. Pettersson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2020
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e955f6be289c4df3a665a026078552a7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e955f6be289c4df3a665a026078552a72021-12-02T13:58:13ZInternal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles10.1038/s41598-020-77718-32045-2322https://doaj.org/article/e955f6be289c4df3a665a026078552a72020-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77718-3https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The pure alpha emitter 148Gd may have a significant radiological impact in terms of internal dose to exposed humans in case of accidental releases from a spallation source using a tungsten target, such as the one to be used in the European Spallation Source (ESS). In this work we aim to present an approach to indirectly estimate the whole-body burden of 148Gd and the associated committed effective dose in exposed humans, by means of high-resolution gamma spectrometry of the gamma-emitting radiogadolinium isotopes 146Gd and 153Gd that are accompanied by 148Gd generated from the operation of the tungsten target. Theoretical minimum detectable whole-body activity (MDA) and associated internal doses from 148Gd are calculated using a combination of existing biokinetic models and recent computer simulation studies on the generated isotope ratios of 146Gd/148Gd and 153Gd/148Gd in the ESS target. Of the two gamma-emitting gadolinium isotopes, 146Gd is initially the most sensitive indicator of the presence of 148Gd if whole-body counting is performed within a month after the release, using the twin photo peaks of 146Gd centered at 115.4 keV (MDA < 1 Bq for ingested 148Gd, and < 25 Bq for inhaled 148Gd). The corresponding minimum detectable committed effective doses will be less than 1 µSv for ingested 148Gd, but substantially higher for inhaled 148Gd (up to 0.3 mSv), depending on operation time of the target prior to the release. However, a few months after an atmospheric release, 153Gd becomes a much more sensitive indicator of body burdens of 148Gd, with a minimum detectable committed effective doses ranging from 18 to 77 µSv for chronic ingestion and between 0.65 to 2.7 mSv for acute inhalation in connection to the release. The main issue with this indirect method for 148Gd internal dose estimation, is whether the primary photon peaks from 146 and 153Gd can be detected undisturbed. Preliminary simulations show that nuclides such as 182Ta may potentially create perturbations that could impair this evaluation method, and which impact needs to be further studied in future safety assessments of accidental target releases.C. RääfV. BarkauskasK. Eriksson StenströmC. BernhardssonH. B. L. PetterssonNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q C. Rääf V. Barkauskas K. Eriksson Stenström C. Bernhardsson H. B. L. Pettersson Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles
description	Abstract The pure alpha emitter 148Gd may have a significant radiological impact in terms of internal dose to exposed humans in case of accidental releases from a spallation source using a tungsten target, such as the one to be used in the European Spallation Source (ESS). In this work we aim to present an approach to indirectly estimate the whole-body burden of 148Gd and the associated committed effective dose in exposed humans, by means of high-resolution gamma spectrometry of the gamma-emitting radiogadolinium isotopes 146Gd and 153Gd that are accompanied by 148Gd generated from the operation of the tungsten target. Theoretical minimum detectable whole-body activity (MDA) and associated internal doses from 148Gd are calculated using a combination of existing biokinetic models and recent computer simulation studies on the generated isotope ratios of 146Gd/148Gd and 153Gd/148Gd in the ESS target. Of the two gamma-emitting gadolinium isotopes, 146Gd is initially the most sensitive indicator of the presence of 148Gd if whole-body counting is performed within a month after the release, using the twin photo peaks of 146Gd centered at 115.4 keV (MDA < 1 Bq for ingested 148Gd, and < 25 Bq for inhaled 148Gd). The corresponding minimum detectable committed effective doses will be less than 1 µSv for ingested 148Gd, but substantially higher for inhaled 148Gd (up to 0.3 mSv), depending on operation time of the target prior to the release. However, a few months after an atmospheric release, 153Gd becomes a much more sensitive indicator of body burdens of 148Gd, with a minimum detectable committed effective doses ranging from 18 to 77 µSv for chronic ingestion and between 0.65 to 2.7 mSv for acute inhalation in connection to the release. The main issue with this indirect method for 148Gd internal dose estimation, is whether the primary photon peaks from 146 and 153Gd can be detected undisturbed. Preliminary simulations show that nuclides such as 182Ta may potentially create perturbations that could impair this evaluation method, and which impact needs to be further studied in future safety assessments of accidental target releases.
format	article
author	C. Rääf V. Barkauskas K. Eriksson Stenström C. Bernhardsson H. B. L. Pettersson
author_facet	C. Rääf V. Barkauskas K. Eriksson Stenström C. Bernhardsson H. B. L. Pettersson
author_sort	C. Rääf
title	Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles
title_short	Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles
title_full	Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles
title_fullStr	Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles
title_full_unstemmed	Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles
title_sort	internal dose assessment of 148gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146gd or 153gd in accidently released spallation target particles
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/e955f6be289c4df3a665a026078552a7
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Internal dose assessment of 148Gd using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting 146Gd or 153Gd in accidently released spallation target particles

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