Comparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection
ABSTRACT The major cause of athlete’s foot is Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophyte or fungal pathogen of human skin. To facilitate molecular analyses of the dermatophytes, we sequenced T. rubrum and four related species, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton equinum, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum...
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American Society for Microbiology
2012
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oai:doaj.org-article:e9ff1081a0424d49a5ec7400f55e67022021-11-15T15:39:12ZComparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection10.1128/mBio.00259-122150-7511https://doaj.org/article/e9ff1081a0424d49a5ec7400f55e67022012-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00259-12https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The major cause of athlete’s foot is Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophyte or fungal pathogen of human skin. To facilitate molecular analyses of the dermatophytes, we sequenced T. rubrum and four related species, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton equinum, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum gypseum. These species differ in host range, mating, and disease progression. The dermatophyte genomes are highly colinear yet contain gene family expansions not found in other human-associated fungi. Dermatophyte genomes are enriched for gene families containing the LysM domain, which binds chitin and potentially related carbohydrates. These LysM domains differ in sequence from those in other species in regions of the peptide that could affect substrate binding. The dermatophytes also encode novel sets of fungus-specific kinases with unknown specificity, including nonfunctional pseudokinases, which may inhibit phosphorylation by competing for kinase sites within substrates, acting as allosteric effectors, or acting as scaffolds for signaling. The dermatophytes are also enriched for a large number of enzymes that synthesize secondary metabolites, including dermatophyte-specific genes that could synthesize novel compounds. Finally, dermatophytes are enriched in several classes of proteases that are necessary for fungal growth and nutrient acquisition on keratinized tissues. Despite differences in mating ability, genes involved in mating and meiosis are conserved across species, suggesting the possibility of cryptic mating in species where it has not been previously detected. These genome analyses identify gene families that are important to our understanding of how dermatophytes cause chronic infections, how they interact with epithelial cells, and how they respond to the host immune response. IMPORTANCE Athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and nail infections are common fungal infections, all caused by fungi known as dermatophytes (fungi that infect skin). This report presents the genome sequences of Trichophyton rubrum, the most frequent cause of athlete’s foot, as well as four other common dermatophytes. Dermatophyte genomes are enriched for four gene classes that may contribute to the ability of these fungi to cause disease. These include (i) proteases secreted to degrade skin; (ii) kinases, including pseudokinases, that are involved in signaling necessary for adapting to skin; (iii) secondary metabolites, compounds that act as toxins or signals in the interactions between fungus and host; and (iv) a class of proteins (LysM) that appear to bind and mask cell wall components and carbohydrates, thus avoiding the host’s immune response to the fungi. These genome sequences provide a strong foundation for future work in understanding how dermatophytes cause disease.Diego A. MartinezBrian G. OliverYvonne GräserJonathan M. GoldbergWenjun LiNilce M. Martinez-RossiMichel MonodEkaterina ShelestRichard C. BartonElizabeth BirchAxel A. BrakhageZehua ChenSarah J. GurrDavid HeimanJoseph HeitmanIdit KostiAntonio RossiSakina SaifMarketa SamalovaCharles W. SaundersTerrance SheaRichard C. SummerbellJun XuSarah YoungQiandong ZengBruce W. BirrenChristina A. CuomoTheodore C. WhiteAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 3, Iss 5 (2012) |
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| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
Microbiology QR1-502 |
| spellingShingle |
Microbiology QR1-502 Diego A. Martinez Brian G. Oliver Yvonne Gräser Jonathan M. Goldberg Wenjun Li Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi Michel Monod Ekaterina Shelest Richard C. Barton Elizabeth Birch Axel A. Brakhage Zehua Chen Sarah J. Gurr David Heiman Joseph Heitman Idit Kosti Antonio Rossi Sakina Saif Marketa Samalova Charles W. Saunders Terrance Shea Richard C. Summerbell Jun Xu Sarah Young Qiandong Zeng Bruce W. Birren Christina A. Cuomo Theodore C. White Comparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection |
| description |
ABSTRACT The major cause of athlete’s foot is Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophyte or fungal pathogen of human skin. To facilitate molecular analyses of the dermatophytes, we sequenced T. rubrum and four related species, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton equinum, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum gypseum. These species differ in host range, mating, and disease progression. The dermatophyte genomes are highly colinear yet contain gene family expansions not found in other human-associated fungi. Dermatophyte genomes are enriched for gene families containing the LysM domain, which binds chitin and potentially related carbohydrates. These LysM domains differ in sequence from those in other species in regions of the peptide that could affect substrate binding. The dermatophytes also encode novel sets of fungus-specific kinases with unknown specificity, including nonfunctional pseudokinases, which may inhibit phosphorylation by competing for kinase sites within substrates, acting as allosteric effectors, or acting as scaffolds for signaling. The dermatophytes are also enriched for a large number of enzymes that synthesize secondary metabolites, including dermatophyte-specific genes that could synthesize novel compounds. Finally, dermatophytes are enriched in several classes of proteases that are necessary for fungal growth and nutrient acquisition on keratinized tissues. Despite differences in mating ability, genes involved in mating and meiosis are conserved across species, suggesting the possibility of cryptic mating in species where it has not been previously detected. These genome analyses identify gene families that are important to our understanding of how dermatophytes cause chronic infections, how they interact with epithelial cells, and how they respond to the host immune response. IMPORTANCE Athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and nail infections are common fungal infections, all caused by fungi known as dermatophytes (fungi that infect skin). This report presents the genome sequences of Trichophyton rubrum, the most frequent cause of athlete’s foot, as well as four other common dermatophytes. Dermatophyte genomes are enriched for four gene classes that may contribute to the ability of these fungi to cause disease. These include (i) proteases secreted to degrade skin; (ii) kinases, including pseudokinases, that are involved in signaling necessary for adapting to skin; (iii) secondary metabolites, compounds that act as toxins or signals in the interactions between fungus and host; and (iv) a class of proteins (LysM) that appear to bind and mask cell wall components and carbohydrates, thus avoiding the host’s immune response to the fungi. These genome sequences provide a strong foundation for future work in understanding how dermatophytes cause disease. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Diego A. Martinez Brian G. Oliver Yvonne Gräser Jonathan M. Goldberg Wenjun Li Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi Michel Monod Ekaterina Shelest Richard C. Barton Elizabeth Birch Axel A. Brakhage Zehua Chen Sarah J. Gurr David Heiman Joseph Heitman Idit Kosti Antonio Rossi Sakina Saif Marketa Samalova Charles W. Saunders Terrance Shea Richard C. Summerbell Jun Xu Sarah Young Qiandong Zeng Bruce W. Birren Christina A. Cuomo Theodore C. White |
| author_facet |
Diego A. Martinez Brian G. Oliver Yvonne Gräser Jonathan M. Goldberg Wenjun Li Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi Michel Monod Ekaterina Shelest Richard C. Barton Elizabeth Birch Axel A. Brakhage Zehua Chen Sarah J. Gurr David Heiman Joseph Heitman Idit Kosti Antonio Rossi Sakina Saif Marketa Samalova Charles W. Saunders Terrance Shea Richard C. Summerbell Jun Xu Sarah Young Qiandong Zeng Bruce W. Birren Christina A. Cuomo Theodore C. White |
| author_sort |
Diego A. Martinez |
| title |
Comparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection |
| title_short |
Comparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection |
| title_full |
Comparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection |
| title_fullStr |
Comparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Comparative Genome Analysis of <italic toggle="yes">Trichophyton rubrum</italic> and Related Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection |
| title_sort |
comparative genome analysis of <italic toggle="yes">trichophyton rubrum</italic> and related dermatophytes reveals candidate genes involved in infection |
| publisher |
American Society for Microbiology |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/e9ff1081a0424d49a5ec7400f55e6702 |
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