Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system

Abstract During locomotion, humans sometimes entrain (i.e. synchronize) their steps to external oscillations: e.g. swaying bridges, tandem walking, bouncy harnesses, vibrating treadmills, exoskeletons. Previous studies have discussed the role of nonlinear oscillators (e.g. central pattern generators...

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Autores principales:	Ryan T. Schroeder, James L. Croft, John E. A. Bertram
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ea80ccc90c4644ccb4cfc6178346f6a1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ea80ccc90c4644ccb4cfc6178346f6a12021-12-02T18:49:27ZEvaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system10.1038/s41598-021-95047-x2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/ea80ccc90c4644ccb4cfc6178346f6a12021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95047-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract During locomotion, humans sometimes entrain (i.e. synchronize) their steps to external oscillations: e.g. swaying bridges, tandem walking, bouncy harnesses, vibrating treadmills, exoskeletons. Previous studies have discussed the role of nonlinear oscillators (e.g. central pattern generators) in facilitating entrainment. However, the energetics of such interactions are unknown. Given substantial evidence that humans prioritize economy during locomotion, we tested whether reduced metabolic expenditure is associated with human entrainment to vertical force oscillations, where frequency and amplitude were prescribed via a custom mechatronics system during walking. Although metabolic cost was not significantly reduced during entrainment, individuals expended less energy when the oscillation forces did net positive work on the body and roughly selected phase relationships that maximize positive work. It is possible that individuals use mechanical cues to infer energy cost and inform effective gait strategies. If so, an accurate prediction may rely on the relative stability of interactions with the environment. Our results suggest that entrainment occurs over a wide range of oscillation parameters, though not as a direct priority for minimizing metabolic cost. Instead, entrainment may act to stabilize interactions with the environment, thus increasing predictability for the effective implementation of internal models that guide energy minimization.Ryan T. SchroederJames L. CroftJohn E. A. BertramNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ryan T. Schroeder James L. Croft John E. A. Bertram Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system
description	Abstract During locomotion, humans sometimes entrain (i.e. synchronize) their steps to external oscillations: e.g. swaying bridges, tandem walking, bouncy harnesses, vibrating treadmills, exoskeletons. Previous studies have discussed the role of nonlinear oscillators (e.g. central pattern generators) in facilitating entrainment. However, the energetics of such interactions are unknown. Given substantial evidence that humans prioritize economy during locomotion, we tested whether reduced metabolic expenditure is associated with human entrainment to vertical force oscillations, where frequency and amplitude were prescribed via a custom mechatronics system during walking. Although metabolic cost was not significantly reduced during entrainment, individuals expended less energy when the oscillation forces did net positive work on the body and roughly selected phase relationships that maximize positive work. It is possible that individuals use mechanical cues to infer energy cost and inform effective gait strategies. If so, an accurate prediction may rely on the relative stability of interactions with the environment. Our results suggest that entrainment occurs over a wide range of oscillation parameters, though not as a direct priority for minimizing metabolic cost. Instead, entrainment may act to stabilize interactions with the environment, thus increasing predictability for the effective implementation of internal models that guide energy minimization.
format	article
author	Ryan T. Schroeder James L. Croft John E. A. Bertram
author_facet	Ryan T. Schroeder James L. Croft John E. A. Bertram
author_sort	Ryan T. Schroeder
title	Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system
title_short	Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system
title_full	Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system
title_fullStr	Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system
title_sort	evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ea80ccc90c4644ccb4cfc6178346f6a1
work_keys_str_mv	AT ryantschroeder evaluatingtheenergeticsofentrainmentinahumanmachinecoupledoscillatorsystem AT jameslcroft evaluatingtheenergeticsofentrainmentinahumanmachinecoupledoscillatorsystem AT johneabertram evaluatingtheenergeticsofentrainmentinahumanmachinecoupledoscillatorsystem
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Evaluating the energetics of entrainment in a human–machine coupled oscillator system

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