The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.

<h4>Background</h4>The Stimulus Preceding Negativity (SPN) is a non-motor slow cortical potential elicited by temporally predictable stimuli, customarily interpreted as a physiological index of expectancy. Its origin would be the brain activity responsible for generating the anticipatory...

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Autores principales:	Andrés Catena, José C Perales, Alberto Megías, Antonio Cándido, Elvia Jara, Antonio Maldonado
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/eb234f3cc4c24fdea6ada5aa74c8face
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:eb234f3cc4c24fdea6ada5aa74c8face2021-11-18T07:13:30ZThe brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0040252https://doaj.org/article/eb234f3cc4c24fdea6ada5aa74c8face2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22768344/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>The Stimulus Preceding Negativity (SPN) is a non-motor slow cortical potential elicited by temporally predictable stimuli, customarily interpreted as a physiological index of expectancy. Its origin would be the brain activity responsible for generating the anticipatory mental representation of an expected upcoming event. The SPN manifests itself as a slow cortical potential with negative slope, growing in amplitude as the stimulus approximates. The uncertainty hypothesis we present here postulates that the SPN is linked to control-related areas in the prefrontal cortex that become more active before the occurrence of an upcoming outcome perceived as uncertain.<h4>Methods/findings</h4>We tested the uncertainty hypothesis by using a repeated measures design in a Human Contingency Learning task with two levels of uncertainty. In the high uncertainty condition, the outcome is unpredictable. In the mid uncertainty condition, the outcome can be learnt to be predicted in 75% of the trials. Our experiment shows that the Stimulus Preceding Negativity is larger for probabilistically unpredictable (uncertain) outcomes than for probabilistically predictable ones. sLoreta estimations of the brain activity preceding the outcome suggest that prefrontal and parietal areas can be involved in its generation. Prefrontal sites activation (Anterior Cingulate and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex) seems to be related to the degree of uncertainty. Activation in posterior parietal areas, however, does not correlates with uncertainty.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>We suggest that the Stimulus Preceding Negativity reflects the attempt to predict the outcome, when posterior brain areas fail to generate a stable expectancy. Uncertainty is thus conceptualized, not just as the absence of learned expectancy, but as a state with psychological and physiological entity.Andrés CatenaJosé C PeralesAlberto MegíasAntonio CándidoElvia JaraAntonio MaldonadoPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 7, p e40252 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Andrés Catena José C Perales Alberto Megías Antonio Cándido Elvia Jara Antonio Maldonado The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.
description	<h4>Background</h4>The Stimulus Preceding Negativity (SPN) is a non-motor slow cortical potential elicited by temporally predictable stimuli, customarily interpreted as a physiological index of expectancy. Its origin would be the brain activity responsible for generating the anticipatory mental representation of an expected upcoming event. The SPN manifests itself as a slow cortical potential with negative slope, growing in amplitude as the stimulus approximates. The uncertainty hypothesis we present here postulates that the SPN is linked to control-related areas in the prefrontal cortex that become more active before the occurrence of an upcoming outcome perceived as uncertain.<h4>Methods/findings</h4>We tested the uncertainty hypothesis by using a repeated measures design in a Human Contingency Learning task with two levels of uncertainty. In the high uncertainty condition, the outcome is unpredictable. In the mid uncertainty condition, the outcome can be learnt to be predicted in 75% of the trials. Our experiment shows that the Stimulus Preceding Negativity is larger for probabilistically unpredictable (uncertain) outcomes than for probabilistically predictable ones. sLoreta estimations of the brain activity preceding the outcome suggest that prefrontal and parietal areas can be involved in its generation. Prefrontal sites activation (Anterior Cingulate and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex) seems to be related to the degree of uncertainty. Activation in posterior parietal areas, however, does not correlates with uncertainty.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>We suggest that the Stimulus Preceding Negativity reflects the attempt to predict the outcome, when posterior brain areas fail to generate a stable expectancy. Uncertainty is thus conceptualized, not just as the absence of learned expectancy, but as a state with psychological and physiological entity.
format	article
author	Andrés Catena José C Perales Alberto Megías Antonio Cándido Elvia Jara Antonio Maldonado
author_facet	Andrés Catena José C Perales Alberto Megías Antonio Cándido Elvia Jara Antonio Maldonado
author_sort	Andrés Catena
title	The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.
title_short	The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.
title_full	The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.
title_fullStr	The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.
title_full_unstemmed	The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.
title_sort	brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/eb234f3cc4c24fdea6ada5aa74c8face
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The brain network of expectancy and uncertainty processing.

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