<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode

Background: There has been a noticeable and systematic growth of the use of psychoactive substances over the past few decades. Dual diagnosis is a clinical term referring to the occurrence of psychoactive substance use disorder comorbid with another psychiatric disorder in the same person. The most...

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Autores principales:	Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Jolanta Chmielowiec, Jolanta Masiak, Małgorzata Czekaj, Piotr Krawczyk, Ewelina Soroka, Małgorzata Śmiarowska, Wojciech Musiał, Tomasz Pawłowski, Anna Grzywacz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	addiction dual diagnosis <i>DRD4</i> gene Genetics QH426-470
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/eb8a284f64a847cca72350ae86717f91
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:eb8a284f64a847cca72350ae86717f912021-11-25T17:42:32Z<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode10.3390/genes121118342073-4425https://doaj.org/article/eb8a284f64a847cca72350ae86717f912021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/11/1834https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4425Background: There has been a noticeable and systematic growth of the use of psychoactive substances over the past few decades. Dual diagnosis is a clinical term referring to the occurrence of psychoactive substance use disorder comorbid with another psychiatric disorder in the same person. The most common type of dual diagnosis is the co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder and mood disorders in the form of a depressive episode. Co-occurrent substance use disorders are frequently influenced by genetic factors. In selecting our area of research, we focused on dopamine and the <i>DRD4</i> (Dopamine Receptor D4) gene polymorphism as well as associations with personality features. The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compare <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 (DRD4 Ex3) gene polymorphisms in patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder and co-occurrence of a depressive episode to <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 gene polymorphisms in patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder and without co-occurrence of a depressive episode and a group of healthy volunteers. The study also aimed at establishing associations between personality features and <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 gene polymorphisms of male patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder with co-occurrence of a depressive episode which may present a specific endophenotype of this group of patients. Methods: The study group comprised 602 male volunteers: patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder comorbid with a depressive episode (PUD MDD) (<i>n</i> = 95; mean age = 28.29, standard deviation (SD) = 7.40), patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder (PUD) (<i>n</i> = 206; mean age = 28.13, SD = 5.97), and controls (<i>n</i> = 301; mean age = 22.13, SD = 4.57). The patients and control subjects were diagnosed by a psychiatrist using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires. An analysis of the <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 polymorphism was performed. Results: The patients diagnosed with PUD MDD compared to the control group of healthy volunteers showed significantly higher scores on both the STAI status and features scale and the NEO-FFI Neuroticism and Openness Scale, as well as lower scores on the Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness NEO-FFI scales. In the <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 gene polymorphism, the s allele was more frequent in the PUD MDD compared to the l allele, which was less frequent. The results of the 2 × 3 factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) in patients and controls and the variant <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 interaction were found on the Extraversion Scale and the Conscientiousness Scale of the NEO-FFI. Conclusions: The associations show that psychological factors combined with genetic data create a new area of research on addiction, including the problem of dual diagnosis. However, we want to be careful and draw no definite conclusions at this stage of our research.Krzysztof ChmielowiecJolanta ChmielowiecJolanta MasiakMałgorzata CzekajPiotr KrawczykEwelina SorokaMałgorzata ŚmiarowskaWojciech MusiałTomasz PawłowskiAnna GrzywaczMDPI AGarticleaddictiondual diagnosis<i>DRD4</i> geneGeneticsQH426-470ENGenes, Vol 12, Iss 1834, p 1834 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	addiction dual diagnosis <i>DRD4</i> gene Genetics QH426-470
spellingShingle	addiction dual diagnosis <i>DRD4</i> gene Genetics QH426-470 Krzysztof Chmielowiec Jolanta Chmielowiec Jolanta Masiak Małgorzata Czekaj Piotr Krawczyk Ewelina Soroka Małgorzata Śmiarowska Wojciech Musiał Tomasz Pawłowski Anna Grzywacz <i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode
description	Background: There has been a noticeable and systematic growth of the use of psychoactive substances over the past few decades. Dual diagnosis is a clinical term referring to the occurrence of psychoactive substance use disorder comorbid with another psychiatric disorder in the same person. The most common type of dual diagnosis is the co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder and mood disorders in the form of a depressive episode. Co-occurrent substance use disorders are frequently influenced by genetic factors. In selecting our area of research, we focused on dopamine and the <i>DRD4</i> (Dopamine Receptor D4) gene polymorphism as well as associations with personality features. The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compare <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 (DRD4 Ex3) gene polymorphisms in patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder and co-occurrence of a depressive episode to <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 gene polymorphisms in patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder and without co-occurrence of a depressive episode and a group of healthy volunteers. The study also aimed at establishing associations between personality features and <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 gene polymorphisms of male patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder with co-occurrence of a depressive episode which may present a specific endophenotype of this group of patients. Methods: The study group comprised 602 male volunteers: patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder comorbid with a depressive episode (PUD MDD) (<i>n</i> = 95; mean age = 28.29, standard deviation (SD) = 7.40), patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder (PUD) (<i>n</i> = 206; mean age = 28.13, SD = 5.97), and controls (<i>n</i> = 301; mean age = 22.13, SD = 4.57). The patients and control subjects were diagnosed by a psychiatrist using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires. An analysis of the <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 polymorphism was performed. Results: The patients diagnosed with PUD MDD compared to the control group of healthy volunteers showed significantly higher scores on both the STAI status and features scale and the NEO-FFI Neuroticism and Openness Scale, as well as lower scores on the Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness NEO-FFI scales. In the <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 gene polymorphism, the s allele was more frequent in the PUD MDD compared to the l allele, which was less frequent. The results of the 2 × 3 factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) in patients and controls and the variant <i>DRD4</i> exon 3 interaction were found on the Extraversion Scale and the Conscientiousness Scale of the NEO-FFI. Conclusions: The associations show that psychological factors combined with genetic data create a new area of research on addiction, including the problem of dual diagnosis. However, we want to be careful and draw no definite conclusions at this stage of our research.
format	article
author	Krzysztof Chmielowiec Jolanta Chmielowiec Jolanta Masiak Małgorzata Czekaj Piotr Krawczyk Ewelina Soroka Małgorzata Śmiarowska Wojciech Musiał Tomasz Pawłowski Anna Grzywacz
author_facet	Krzysztof Chmielowiec Jolanta Chmielowiec Jolanta Masiak Małgorzata Czekaj Piotr Krawczyk Ewelina Soroka Małgorzata Śmiarowska Wojciech Musiał Tomasz Pawłowski Anna Grzywacz
author_sort	Krzysztof Chmielowiec
title	<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode
title_short	<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode
title_full	<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode
title_fullStr	<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode
title_full_unstemmed	<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode
title_sort	<i>drd4</i> exon 3 gene polymorphisms in patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder and co-occurrence of a depressive episode
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/eb8a284f64a847cca72350ae86717f91
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<i>DRD4</i> Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode

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