Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms

Coastal environments are exposed to numerous pressures that potentially affect marine soft bottom faunas. Among these pressures, organic matter enrichment is very frequent. Several indices based on living (Rose Bengal-stained) foraminiferal communities have recently been developed to assess the indu...

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Autores principales:	Briz Parent, Christine Barras, Erica Bicchi, Laurie M. Charrieau, Constance Choquel, Éric Bénéteau, Grégoire M. Maillet, Frans J. Jorissen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	biomonitoring TSI-Med Foram-AMBI FSI effective number of species organic matter enrichment Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/eb8b7d4a0e4d437ab9173e28196a577c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:eb8b7d4a0e4d437ab9173e28196a577c2021-11-25T19:15:24ZComparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms10.3390/w132231932073-4441https://doaj.org/article/eb8b7d4a0e4d437ab9173e28196a577c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3193https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Coastal environments are exposed to numerous pressures that potentially affect marine soft bottom faunas. Among these pressures, organic matter enrichment is very frequent. Several indices based on living (Rose Bengal-stained) foraminiferal communities have recently been developed to assess the induced impact and determine the environmental quality of these environments. Here, we use an open waters Mediterranean Sea data set to test the benefits and drawbacks of four foraminiferal indices: (1) the effective number of species (exp(H’<sub>bc</sub>)), (2) the Tolerant Species Index for the Mediterranean (TSI-Med), (3) the Foraminifera AMBI (Foram-AMBI), and (4) the Foram Stress Index (FSI). These indices all intend to measure the response of the foraminiferal communities to organic matter enrichment, and therefore, their results should be very similar. We found that the diversity-based index, exp(H’<sub>bc</sub>), was not suitable to evaluate the environmental quality of our Mediterranean coastal settings, as it had a non-monotonic relationship with the organic matter enrichment gradient. The three indices based on groups of indicator species (TSI-Med, Foram-AMBI, and FSI) yielded fairly similar results. For Foram-AMBI, using only assigned species to calculate proportions of indicator species partly avoided to misinterpret the results. In TSI-Med, a correction based on sediment grain size is applied to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic organic enrichment. Such a correction could also be added to Foram-AMBI and FSI. The limits between the Ecological Quality Status (EQS) classes used for macrofauna were not adapted for Foram-AMBI. Here, we propose new EQS class limits for the Foram-AMBI as follows: very good: 0 ≤ x < 1.4; good: 1.4 ≤ x < 2.4; moderate: 2.4 ≤ x < 3.4; poor: 3.4 ≤ x < 4.4; bad: 4.4 ≤ x ≤ 6. These limits could evolve in the future as new data become available, especially with a poor and bad environmental quality.Briz ParentChristine BarrasErica BicchiLaurie M. CharrieauConstance ChoquelÉric BénéteauGrégoire M. MailletFrans J. JorissenMDPI AGarticlebiomonitoringTSI-MedForam-AMBIFSIeffective number of speciesorganic matter enrichmentHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3193, p 3193 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	biomonitoring TSI-Med Foram-AMBI FSI effective number of species organic matter enrichment Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	biomonitoring TSI-Med Foram-AMBI FSI effective number of species organic matter enrichment Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Briz Parent Christine Barras Erica Bicchi Laurie M. Charrieau Constance Choquel Éric Bénéteau Grégoire M. Maillet Frans J. Jorissen Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms
description	Coastal environments are exposed to numerous pressures that potentially affect marine soft bottom faunas. Among these pressures, organic matter enrichment is very frequent. Several indices based on living (Rose Bengal-stained) foraminiferal communities have recently been developed to assess the induced impact and determine the environmental quality of these environments. Here, we use an open waters Mediterranean Sea data set to test the benefits and drawbacks of four foraminiferal indices: (1) the effective number of species (exp(H’<sub>bc</sub>)), (2) the Tolerant Species Index for the Mediterranean (TSI-Med), (3) the Foraminifera AMBI (Foram-AMBI), and (4) the Foram Stress Index (FSI). These indices all intend to measure the response of the foraminiferal communities to organic matter enrichment, and therefore, their results should be very similar. We found that the diversity-based index, exp(H’<sub>bc</sub>), was not suitable to evaluate the environmental quality of our Mediterranean coastal settings, as it had a non-monotonic relationship with the organic matter enrichment gradient. The three indices based on groups of indicator species (TSI-Med, Foram-AMBI, and FSI) yielded fairly similar results. For Foram-AMBI, using only assigned species to calculate proportions of indicator species partly avoided to misinterpret the results. In TSI-Med, a correction based on sediment grain size is applied to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic organic enrichment. Such a correction could also be added to Foram-AMBI and FSI. The limits between the Ecological Quality Status (EQS) classes used for macrofauna were not adapted for Foram-AMBI. Here, we propose new EQS class limits for the Foram-AMBI as follows: very good: 0 ≤ x < 1.4; good: 1.4 ≤ x < 2.4; moderate: 2.4 ≤ x < 3.4; poor: 3.4 ≤ x < 4.4; bad: 4.4 ≤ x ≤ 6. These limits could evolve in the future as new data become available, especially with a poor and bad environmental quality.
format	article
author	Briz Parent Christine Barras Erica Bicchi Laurie M. Charrieau Constance Choquel Éric Bénéteau Grégoire M. Maillet Frans J. Jorissen
author_facet	Briz Parent Christine Barras Erica Bicchi Laurie M. Charrieau Constance Choquel Éric Bénéteau Grégoire M. Maillet Frans J. Jorissen
author_sort	Briz Parent
title	Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms
title_short	Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms
title_full	Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms
title_fullStr	Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms
title_full_unstemmed	Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms
title_sort	comparison of four foraminiferal biotic indices assessing the environmental quality of coastal mediterranean soft bottoms
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/eb8b7d4a0e4d437ab9173e28196a577c
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Comparison of Four Foraminiferal Biotic Indices Assessing the Environmental Quality of Coastal Mediterranean Soft Bottoms

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