Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design

Abstract In Super-G alpine ski racing mean speed is nearly as high as in Downhill. Hence, the energy dissipated in typical impact accidents is similar. However, unlike Downhill, on Super-G courses no training runs are performed. Accordingly, speed control through course design is a challenging but i...

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Autores principales:	Matthias Gilgien, Philip Crivelli, Josef Kröll, Live S. Luteberget, Erich Müller, Jörg Spörri
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ebcfe850bfb9443d8c3d75239734168b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ebcfe850bfb9443d8c3d75239734168b2021-12-02T14:27:01ZInjury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design10.1038/s41598-021-83133-z2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/ebcfe850bfb9443d8c3d75239734168b2021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83133-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract In Super-G alpine ski racing mean speed is nearly as high as in Downhill. Hence, the energy dissipated in typical impact accidents is similar. However, unlike Downhill, on Super-G courses no training runs are performed. Accordingly, speed control through course design is a challenging but important task to ensure safety in Super-G. In four male World Cup alpine Super-G races, terrain shape, course setting and the mechanics of a high-level athlete skiing the course were measured with differential global navigation satellite systems (dGNSS). The effects of course setting on skier mechanics were analysed using a linear mixed effects model. To reduce speed by 0.5 m/s throughout a turn, the gate offset needs to be increased by + 51%. This change simultaneously leads to a decrease in minimal turn radius (− 19%), an increase in impulse (+ 27%) and an increase in maximal ground reaction force (+ 6%). In contrast, the same reduction in speed can also be achieved by a − 13% change in vertical gate distance, which also leads to a small reduction in minimal turn radius (− 4%) impulse (− 2%), and no change in maximal ground reaction force; i.e. fewer adverse side effects in terms of safety. It appears that shortening the vertical gate distance is a better and safer way to reduce speed in Super-G than increasing the gate offset.Matthias GilgienPhilip CrivelliJosef KröllLive S. LutebergetErich MüllerJörg SpörriNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-7 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Matthias Gilgien Philip Crivelli Josef Kröll Live S. Luteberget Erich Müller Jörg Spörri Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design
description	Abstract In Super-G alpine ski racing mean speed is nearly as high as in Downhill. Hence, the energy dissipated in typical impact accidents is similar. However, unlike Downhill, on Super-G courses no training runs are performed. Accordingly, speed control through course design is a challenging but important task to ensure safety in Super-G. In four male World Cup alpine Super-G races, terrain shape, course setting and the mechanics of a high-level athlete skiing the course were measured with differential global navigation satellite systems (dGNSS). The effects of course setting on skier mechanics were analysed using a linear mixed effects model. To reduce speed by 0.5 m/s throughout a turn, the gate offset needs to be increased by + 51%. This change simultaneously leads to a decrease in minimal turn radius (− 19%), an increase in impulse (+ 27%) and an increase in maximal ground reaction force (+ 6%). In contrast, the same reduction in speed can also be achieved by a − 13% change in vertical gate distance, which also leads to a small reduction in minimal turn radius (− 4%) impulse (− 2%), and no change in maximal ground reaction force; i.e. fewer adverse side effects in terms of safety. It appears that shortening the vertical gate distance is a better and safer way to reduce speed in Super-G than increasing the gate offset.
format	article
author	Matthias Gilgien Philip Crivelli Josef Kröll Live S. Luteberget Erich Müller Jörg Spörri
author_facet	Matthias Gilgien Philip Crivelli Josef Kröll Live S. Luteberget Erich Müller Jörg Spörri
author_sort	Matthias Gilgien
title	Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design
title_short	Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design
title_full	Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design
title_fullStr	Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design
title_full_unstemmed	Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design
title_sort	injury prevention in super-g alpine ski racing through course design
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ebcfe850bfb9443d8c3d75239734168b
work_keys_str_mv	AT matthiasgilgien injurypreventioninsupergalpineskiracingthroughcoursedesign AT philipcrivelli injurypreventioninsupergalpineskiracingthroughcoursedesign AT josefkroll injurypreventioninsupergalpineskiracingthroughcoursedesign AT livesluteberget injurypreventioninsupergalpineskiracingthroughcoursedesign AT erichmuller injurypreventioninsupergalpineskiracingthroughcoursedesign AT jorgsporri injurypreventioninsupergalpineskiracingthroughcoursedesign
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Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design

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