The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation

Abstract The macronuclear (MAC) genomes of ciliates belonging to the genus Euplotes species are comprised of numerous small DNA molecules, nanochromosomes, each typically encoding a single gene. These genomes are responsible for all gene expression during vegetative cell growth. Here, we report the...

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Autores principales:	Matteo Mozzicafreddo, Sandra Pucciarelli, Estienne C. Swart, Angela Piersanti, Christiane Emmerich, Giovanna Migliorelli, Patrizia Ballarini, Cristina Miceli
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ec46624f6a634bca9bb47fdf4d802d4c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ec46624f6a634bca9bb47fdf4d802d4c2021-12-02T18:48:02ZThe macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation10.1038/s41598-021-98168-52045-2322https://doaj.org/article/ec46624f6a634bca9bb47fdf4d802d4c2021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98168-5https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The macronuclear (MAC) genomes of ciliates belonging to the genus Euplotes species are comprised of numerous small DNA molecules, nanochromosomes, each typically encoding a single gene. These genomes are responsible for all gene expression during vegetative cell growth. Here, we report the analysis of the MAC genome from the Antarctic psychrophile Euplotes focardii. Nanochromosomes containing bacterial sequences were not found, suggesting that phenomena of horizontal gene transfer did not occur recently, even though this ciliate species has a substantial associated bacterial consortium. As in other euplotid species, E. focardii MAC genes are characterized by a high frequency of translational frameshifting. Furthermore, in order to characterize differences that may be consequent to cold adaptation and defense to oxidative stress, the main constraints of the Antarctic marine microorganisms, we compared E. focardii MAC genome with those available from mesophilic Euplotes species. We focussed mainly on the comparison of tubulin, antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 families, molecules which possess peculiar characteristic correlated with cold adaptation in E. focardii. We found that α-tubulin genes and those encoding SODs and CATs antioxidant enzymes are more numerous than in the mesophilic Euplotes species. Furthermore, the phylogenetic trees showed that these molecules are divergent in the Antarctic species. In contrast, there are fewer hsp70 genes in E. focardii compared to mesophilic Euplotes and these genes do not respond to thermal stress but only to oxidative stress. Our results suggest that molecular adaptation to cold and oxidative stress in the Antarctic environment may not only be due to particular amino acid substitutions but also due to duplication and divergence of paralogous genes.Matteo MozzicafreddoSandra PucciarelliEstienne C. SwartAngela PiersantiChristiane EmmerichGiovanna MigliorelliPatrizia BallariniCristina MiceliNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Matteo Mozzicafreddo Sandra Pucciarelli Estienne C. Swart Angela Piersanti Christiane Emmerich Giovanna Migliorelli Patrizia Ballarini Cristina Miceli The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation
description	Abstract The macronuclear (MAC) genomes of ciliates belonging to the genus Euplotes species are comprised of numerous small DNA molecules, nanochromosomes, each typically encoding a single gene. These genomes are responsible for all gene expression during vegetative cell growth. Here, we report the analysis of the MAC genome from the Antarctic psychrophile Euplotes focardii. Nanochromosomes containing bacterial sequences were not found, suggesting that phenomena of horizontal gene transfer did not occur recently, even though this ciliate species has a substantial associated bacterial consortium. As in other euplotid species, E. focardii MAC genes are characterized by a high frequency of translational frameshifting. Furthermore, in order to characterize differences that may be consequent to cold adaptation and defense to oxidative stress, the main constraints of the Antarctic marine microorganisms, we compared E. focardii MAC genome with those available from mesophilic Euplotes species. We focussed mainly on the comparison of tubulin, antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 families, molecules which possess peculiar characteristic correlated with cold adaptation in E. focardii. We found that α-tubulin genes and those encoding SODs and CATs antioxidant enzymes are more numerous than in the mesophilic Euplotes species. Furthermore, the phylogenetic trees showed that these molecules are divergent in the Antarctic species. In contrast, there are fewer hsp70 genes in E. focardii compared to mesophilic Euplotes and these genes do not respond to thermal stress but only to oxidative stress. Our results suggest that molecular adaptation to cold and oxidative stress in the Antarctic environment may not only be due to particular amino acid substitutions but also due to duplication and divergence of paralogous genes.
format	article
author	Matteo Mozzicafreddo Sandra Pucciarelli Estienne C. Swart Angela Piersanti Christiane Emmerich Giovanna Migliorelli Patrizia Ballarini Cristina Miceli
author_facet	Matteo Mozzicafreddo Sandra Pucciarelli Estienne C. Swart Angela Piersanti Christiane Emmerich Giovanna Migliorelli Patrizia Ballarini Cristina Miceli
author_sort	Matteo Mozzicafreddo
title	The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation
title_short	The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation
title_full	The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation
title_fullStr	The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation
title_full_unstemmed	The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation
title_sort	macronuclear genome of the antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ec46624f6a634bca9bb47fdf4d802d4c
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The macronuclear genome of the Antarctic psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii reveals new insights on molecular cold adaptation

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