Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review

Abstract Background Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence. Factors for drug abuse include a variety of protective and risk factors. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of...

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Autores principales:	Azmawati Mohammed Nawi, Rozmi Ismail, Fauziah Ibrahim, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, Noh Amit, Norhayati Ibrahim, Nurul Shafini Shafurdin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Risk factor Protective factor Drug abuse, substance, adolescent Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ecd56f30004f4848b3c9d672b91c0bed
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ecd56f30004f4848b3c9d672b91c0bed2021-11-14T12:14:31ZRisk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review10.1186/s12889-021-11906-21471-2458https://doaj.org/article/ecd56f30004f4848b3c9d672b91c0bed2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11906-2https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458Abstract Background Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence. Factors for drug abuse include a variety of protective and risk factors. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents worldwide. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted for the review which utilized three main journal databases, namely PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. Tobacco addiction and alcohol abuse were excluded in this review. Retrieved citations were screened, and the data were extracted based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria include the article being full text, published from the year 2016 until 2020 and provided via open access resource or subscribed to by the institution. Quality assessment was done using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) version 2018 to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, a descriptive synthesis of the included studies was undertaken. Results Out of 425 articles identified, 22 quantitative articles and one qualitative article were included in the final review. Both the risk and protective factors obtained were categorized into three main domains: individual, family, and community factors. The individual risk factors identified were traits of high impulsivity; rebelliousness; emotional regulation impairment, low religious, pain catastrophic, homework completeness, total screen time and alexithymia; the experience of maltreatment or a negative upbringing; having psychiatric disorders such as conduct problems and major depressive disorder; previous e-cigarette exposure; behavioral addiction; low-perceived risk; high-perceived drug accessibility; and high-attitude to use synthetic drugs. The familial risk factors were prenatal maternal smoking; poor maternal psychological control; low parental education; negligence; poor supervision; uncontrolled pocket money; and the presence of substance-using family members. One community risk factor reported was having peers who abuse drugs. The protective factors determined were individual traits of optimism; a high level of mindfulness; having social phobia; having strong beliefs against substance abuse; the desire to maintain one’s health; high paternal awareness of drug abuse; school connectedness; structured activity and having strong religious beliefs. Conclusion The outcomes of this review suggest a complex interaction between a multitude of factors influencing adolescent drug abuse. Therefore, successful adolescent drug abuse prevention programs will require extensive work at all levels of domains.Azmawati Mohammed NawiRozmi IsmailFauziah IbrahimMohd Rohaizat HassanMohd Rizal Abdul ManafNoh AmitNorhayati IbrahimNurul Shafini ShafurdinBMCarticleRisk factorProtective factorDrug abuse, substance, adolescentPublic aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENBMC Public Health, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Risk factor Protective factor Drug abuse, substance, adolescent Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Risk factor Protective factor Drug abuse, substance, adolescent Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Azmawati Mohammed Nawi Rozmi Ismail Fauziah Ibrahim Mohd Rohaizat Hassan Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf Noh Amit Norhayati Ibrahim Nurul Shafini Shafurdin Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review
description	Abstract Background Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence. Factors for drug abuse include a variety of protective and risk factors. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents worldwide. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted for the review which utilized three main journal databases, namely PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. Tobacco addiction and alcohol abuse were excluded in this review. Retrieved citations were screened, and the data were extracted based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria include the article being full text, published from the year 2016 until 2020 and provided via open access resource or subscribed to by the institution. Quality assessment was done using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) version 2018 to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, a descriptive synthesis of the included studies was undertaken. Results Out of 425 articles identified, 22 quantitative articles and one qualitative article were included in the final review. Both the risk and protective factors obtained were categorized into three main domains: individual, family, and community factors. The individual risk factors identified were traits of high impulsivity; rebelliousness; emotional regulation impairment, low religious, pain catastrophic, homework completeness, total screen time and alexithymia; the experience of maltreatment or a negative upbringing; having psychiatric disorders such as conduct problems and major depressive disorder; previous e-cigarette exposure; behavioral addiction; low-perceived risk; high-perceived drug accessibility; and high-attitude to use synthetic drugs. The familial risk factors were prenatal maternal smoking; poor maternal psychological control; low parental education; negligence; poor supervision; uncontrolled pocket money; and the presence of substance-using family members. One community risk factor reported was having peers who abuse drugs. The protective factors determined were individual traits of optimism; a high level of mindfulness; having social phobia; having strong beliefs against substance abuse; the desire to maintain one’s health; high paternal awareness of drug abuse; school connectedness; structured activity and having strong religious beliefs. Conclusion The outcomes of this review suggest a complex interaction between a multitude of factors influencing adolescent drug abuse. Therefore, successful adolescent drug abuse prevention programs will require extensive work at all levels of domains.
format	article
author	Azmawati Mohammed Nawi Rozmi Ismail Fauziah Ibrahim Mohd Rohaizat Hassan Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf Noh Amit Norhayati Ibrahim Nurul Shafini Shafurdin
author_facet	Azmawati Mohammed Nawi Rozmi Ismail Fauziah Ibrahim Mohd Rohaizat Hassan Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf Noh Amit Norhayati Ibrahim Nurul Shafini Shafurdin
author_sort	Azmawati Mohammed Nawi
title	Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review
title_short	Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review
title_full	Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review
title_fullStr	Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review
title_full_unstemmed	Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review
title_sort	risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ecd56f30004f4848b3c9d672b91c0bed
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Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review

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