Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.

<h4>Background</h4>To examine explanations for the higher rates of male mortality in two Scottish cohorts compared with a cohort in south-east England for which similar data were collected.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We compared three cohort studies which recruited...

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Autores principales:	Gerry McCartney, Martin Shipley, Carole Hart, George Davey-Smith, Mika Kivimäki, David Walsh, Graham C Watt, G David Batty
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ed4c92ed966940849688c53e8a6262ce
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ed4c92ed966940849688c53e8a6262ce2021-11-18T07:12:49ZWhy do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0038860https://doaj.org/article/ed4c92ed966940849688c53e8a6262ce2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22808017/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>To examine explanations for the higher rates of male mortality in two Scottish cohorts compared with a cohort in south-east England for which similar data were collected.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We compared three cohort studies which recruited participants in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A total of 13,884 men aged 45-64 years at recruitment in the Whitehall occupational cohort (south-east England), 3,956 men in the Collaborative occupational cohort and 6,813 men in the Renfrew & Paisley population-based study (both central Scotland) were included in analyses of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. All-cause mortality was 25% (age-adjusted hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.21 to 1.30) and 41% (hazard ratio 1.41 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.45) higher in the Collaborative and Renfrew & Paisley cohorts respectively compared to the Whitehall cohort. The higher mortality rates were substantially attenuated by social class (to 8% and 17% higher respectively), and were effectively eliminated upon the further addition of the other baseline risk factors, such as smoking habit, lung function and pre-existing self-reported morbidity. Despite this, coronary heart disease mortality remained 11% and 16% higher, stroke mortality 45% and 37% higher, mortality from accidents and suicide 51% and 70% higher, and alcohol-related mortality 46% and 73% higher in the Collaborative and Renfrew & Paisley cohorts respectively compared with the Whitehall cohort in the fully adjusted model.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>The higher all-cause, respiratory, and lung cancer male mortality in the Scottish cohorts was almost entirely explained by social class differences and higher prevalence of known risk factors, but reasons for the excess mortality from stroke, alcohol-related causes, accidents and suicide remained unknown.Gerry McCartneyMartin ShipleyCarole HartGeorge Davey-SmithMika KivimäkiDavid WalshGraham C WattG David BattyPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 7, p e38860 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Gerry McCartney Martin Shipley Carole Hart George Davey-Smith Mika Kivimäki David Walsh Graham C Watt G David Batty Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.
description	<h4>Background</h4>To examine explanations for the higher rates of male mortality in two Scottish cohorts compared with a cohort in south-east England for which similar data were collected.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We compared three cohort studies which recruited participants in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A total of 13,884 men aged 45-64 years at recruitment in the Whitehall occupational cohort (south-east England), 3,956 men in the Collaborative occupational cohort and 6,813 men in the Renfrew & Paisley population-based study (both central Scotland) were included in analyses of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. All-cause mortality was 25% (age-adjusted hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.21 to 1.30) and 41% (hazard ratio 1.41 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.45) higher in the Collaborative and Renfrew & Paisley cohorts respectively compared to the Whitehall cohort. The higher mortality rates were substantially attenuated by social class (to 8% and 17% higher respectively), and were effectively eliminated upon the further addition of the other baseline risk factors, such as smoking habit, lung function and pre-existing self-reported morbidity. Despite this, coronary heart disease mortality remained 11% and 16% higher, stroke mortality 45% and 37% higher, mortality from accidents and suicide 51% and 70% higher, and alcohol-related mortality 46% and 73% higher in the Collaborative and Renfrew & Paisley cohorts respectively compared with the Whitehall cohort in the fully adjusted model.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>The higher all-cause, respiratory, and lung cancer male mortality in the Scottish cohorts was almost entirely explained by social class differences and higher prevalence of known risk factors, but reasons for the excess mortality from stroke, alcohol-related causes, accidents and suicide remained unknown.
format	article
author	Gerry McCartney Martin Shipley Carole Hart George Davey-Smith Mika Kivimäki David Walsh Graham C Watt G David Batty
author_facet	Gerry McCartney Martin Shipley Carole Hart George Davey-Smith Mika Kivimäki David Walsh Graham C Watt G David Batty
author_sort	Gerry McCartney
title	Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.
title_short	Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.
title_full	Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.
title_fullStr	Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.
title_full_unstemmed	Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.
title_sort	why do males in scotland die younger than those in england? evidence from three prospective cohort studies.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/ed4c92ed966940849688c53e8a6262ce
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Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies.

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