Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review

Several groundwater vulnerability methodologies have been implemented throughout the years to face the increasing worldwide groundwater pollution, ranging from simple rating methodologies to complex numerical, statistical, and hybrid methods. Most of these methods have been used to evaluate groundwa...

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Autores principales:	Gianluigi Busico, Luigi Alessandrino, Micòl Mastrocicco
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	denitrification rate aquifer groundwater quality vulnerability assessment nitrate pollution saturated and unsaturated zones Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ed8eb910681249a09b366937b1f89390
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ed8eb910681249a09b366937b1f893902021-11-25T16:34:31ZDenitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review10.3390/app1122106572076-3417https://doaj.org/article/ed8eb910681249a09b366937b1f893902021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10657https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Several groundwater vulnerability methodologies have been implemented throughout the years to face the increasing worldwide groundwater pollution, ranging from simple rating methodologies to complex numerical, statistical, and hybrid methods. Most of these methods have been used to evaluate groundwater vulnerability to nitrate, which is considered the major groundwater contaminant worldwide. Together with dilution, the degradation of nitrate via denitrification has been acknowledged as a process that can reduce reactive nitrogen mass loading rates in both deep and shallow aquifers. Thus, denitrification should be included in groundwater vulnerability studies and integrated into the various methodologies. This work reviewed the way in which denitrification has been considered within the vulnerability assessment methods and how it could increase the reliability of the overall results. Rating and statistical methods often disregard or indirectly incorporate denitrification, while numerical models make use of kinetic reactions that are able to quantify the spatial and temporal variations of denitrification rates. Nevertheless, the rating methods are still the most utilized, due to their linear structures, especially in watershed studies. More efforts should be paid in future studies to implement, calibrate, and validate user-friendly vulnerability assessment methods that are able to deal with denitrification capacity and rates at large spatial and temporal scales.Gianluigi BusicoLuigi AlessandrinoMicòl MastrociccoMDPI AGarticledenitrification rateaquifergroundwater qualityvulnerability assessmentnitrate pollutionsaturated and unsaturated zonesTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10657, p 10657 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	denitrification rate aquifer groundwater quality vulnerability assessment nitrate pollution saturated and unsaturated zones Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	denitrification rate aquifer groundwater quality vulnerability assessment nitrate pollution saturated and unsaturated zones Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Gianluigi Busico Luigi Alessandrino Micòl Mastrocicco Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review
description	Several groundwater vulnerability methodologies have been implemented throughout the years to face the increasing worldwide groundwater pollution, ranging from simple rating methodologies to complex numerical, statistical, and hybrid methods. Most of these methods have been used to evaluate groundwater vulnerability to nitrate, which is considered the major groundwater contaminant worldwide. Together with dilution, the degradation of nitrate via denitrification has been acknowledged as a process that can reduce reactive nitrogen mass loading rates in both deep and shallow aquifers. Thus, denitrification should be included in groundwater vulnerability studies and integrated into the various methodologies. This work reviewed the way in which denitrification has been considered within the vulnerability assessment methods and how it could increase the reliability of the overall results. Rating and statistical methods often disregard or indirectly incorporate denitrification, while numerical models make use of kinetic reactions that are able to quantify the spatial and temporal variations of denitrification rates. Nevertheless, the rating methods are still the most utilized, due to their linear structures, especially in watershed studies. More efforts should be paid in future studies to implement, calibrate, and validate user-friendly vulnerability assessment methods that are able to deal with denitrification capacity and rates at large spatial and temporal scales.
format	article
author	Gianluigi Busico Luigi Alessandrino Micòl Mastrocicco
author_facet	Gianluigi Busico Luigi Alessandrino Micòl Mastrocicco
author_sort	Gianluigi Busico
title	Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review
title_short	Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review
title_full	Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review
title_fullStr	Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review
title_sort	denitrification in intrinsic and specific groundwater vulnerability assessment: a review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ed8eb910681249a09b366937b1f89390
work_keys_str_mv	AT gianluigibusico denitrificationinintrinsicandspecificgroundwatervulnerabilityassessmentareview AT luigialessandrino denitrificationinintrinsicandspecificgroundwatervulnerabilityassessmentareview AT micolmastrocicco denitrificationinintrinsicandspecificgroundwatervulnerabilityassessmentareview
_version_	1718413112209571840

Denitrification in Intrinsic and Specific Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Review

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