Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards

Leaf blotch caused by Alternaria spp. is a common disease in apple-producing regions. The disease is usually associated with one phylogenetic species and one species complex, Alternaria alternata and the Alternaria arborescens species complex (A. arborescens SC), respectively. Both taxa may include...

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Autores principales: Kévin Fontaine, Céline Fourrier-Jeandel, Andrew D. Armitage, Anne-Laure Boutigny, Manuela Crépet, Valérie Caffier, Dossi Carine Gnide, Jason Shiller, Bruno Le Cam, Michel Giraud, Renaud Ioos, Jaime Aguayo
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Publicado: PeerJ Inc. 2021
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:edc5f806640c4501aba9e8c8bcbfc0022021-12-03T15:05:06ZIdentification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards10.7717/peerj.124962167-8359https://doaj.org/article/edc5f806640c4501aba9e8c8bcbfc0022021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://peerj.com/articles/12496.pdfhttps://peerj.com/articles/12496/https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359Leaf blotch caused by Alternaria spp. is a common disease in apple-producing regions. The disease is usually associated with one phylogenetic species and one species complex, Alternaria alternata and the Alternaria arborescens species complex (A. arborescens SC), respectively. Both taxa may include the Alternaria apple pathotype, a quarantine or regulated pathogen in several countries. The apple pathotype is characterized by the production of a host-selective toxin (HST) which is involved in pathogenicity towards the apple. A cluster of genes located on conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs) is involved in the production of this HST (namely AMT in the case of the apple pathotype). Since 2016, leaf blotch and premature tree defoliation attributed to Alternaria spp. have been observed in apple-producing regions of central and south-eastern France. Our study aimed to identify the Alternaria species involved in apple tree defoliation and assess the presence of the apple pathotype in French orchards. From 2016 to 2018, 166 isolates were collected and identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). This analysis revealed that all these French isolates belonged to either the A. arborescens SC or A. alternata. Specific PCR detection targeting three genes located on the CDC did not indicate the presence of the apple pathotype in France. Pathogenicity was assessed under laboratory conditions on detached leaves of Golden Delicious and Gala apple cultivars for a representative subset of 28 Alternaria isolates. All the tested isolates were pathogenic on detached leaves of cultivars Golden Delicious and Gala, but no differences were observed between the pathogenicity levels of A. arborescens SC and A. alternata. However, the results of our pathogenicity test suggest that cultivar Golden Delicious is more susceptible than Gala to Alternaria leaf blotch. Implications in the detection of the Alternaria apple pathotype and the taxonomic assignment of Alternaria isolates involved in Alternaria leaf blotch are discussed.Kévin FontaineCéline Fourrier-JeandelAndrew D. ArmitageAnne-Laure BoutignyManuela CrépetValérie CaffierDossi Carine GnideJason ShillerBruno Le CamMichel GiraudRenaud IoosJaime AguayoPeerJ Inc.articleAlternaria leaf blotchAlternaria fruit spotAlternaria arborescens species complexAlternaria alternataAlternaria section AlternariaSmall-spored AlternariaMedicineRENPeerJ, Vol 9, p e12496 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Alternaria leaf blotch
Alternaria fruit spot
Alternaria arborescens species complex
Alternaria alternata
Alternaria section Alternaria
Small-spored Alternaria
Medicine
R
spellingShingle Alternaria leaf blotch
Alternaria fruit spot
Alternaria arborescens species complex
Alternaria alternata
Alternaria section Alternaria
Small-spored Alternaria
Medicine
R
Kévin Fontaine
Céline Fourrier-Jeandel
Andrew D. Armitage
Anne-Laure Boutigny
Manuela Crépet
Valérie Caffier
Dossi Carine Gnide
Jason Shiller
Bruno Le Cam
Michel Giraud
Renaud Ioos
Jaime Aguayo
Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards
description Leaf blotch caused by Alternaria spp. is a common disease in apple-producing regions. The disease is usually associated with one phylogenetic species and one species complex, Alternaria alternata and the Alternaria arborescens species complex (A. arborescens SC), respectively. Both taxa may include the Alternaria apple pathotype, a quarantine or regulated pathogen in several countries. The apple pathotype is characterized by the production of a host-selective toxin (HST) which is involved in pathogenicity towards the apple. A cluster of genes located on conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs) is involved in the production of this HST (namely AMT in the case of the apple pathotype). Since 2016, leaf blotch and premature tree defoliation attributed to Alternaria spp. have been observed in apple-producing regions of central and south-eastern France. Our study aimed to identify the Alternaria species involved in apple tree defoliation and assess the presence of the apple pathotype in French orchards. From 2016 to 2018, 166 isolates were collected and identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). This analysis revealed that all these French isolates belonged to either the A. arborescens SC or A. alternata. Specific PCR detection targeting three genes located on the CDC did not indicate the presence of the apple pathotype in France. Pathogenicity was assessed under laboratory conditions on detached leaves of Golden Delicious and Gala apple cultivars for a representative subset of 28 Alternaria isolates. All the tested isolates were pathogenic on detached leaves of cultivars Golden Delicious and Gala, but no differences were observed between the pathogenicity levels of A. arborescens SC and A. alternata. However, the results of our pathogenicity test suggest that cultivar Golden Delicious is more susceptible than Gala to Alternaria leaf blotch. Implications in the detection of the Alternaria apple pathotype and the taxonomic assignment of Alternaria isolates involved in Alternaria leaf blotch are discussed.
format article
author Kévin Fontaine
Céline Fourrier-Jeandel
Andrew D. Armitage
Anne-Laure Boutigny
Manuela Crépet
Valérie Caffier
Dossi Carine Gnide
Jason Shiller
Bruno Le Cam
Michel Giraud
Renaud Ioos
Jaime Aguayo
author_facet Kévin Fontaine
Céline Fourrier-Jeandel
Andrew D. Armitage
Anne-Laure Boutigny
Manuela Crépet
Valérie Caffier
Dossi Carine Gnide
Jason Shiller
Bruno Le Cam
Michel Giraud
Renaud Ioos
Jaime Aguayo
author_sort Kévin Fontaine
title Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards
title_short Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards
title_full Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards
title_fullStr Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards
title_full_unstemmed Identification and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in French apple orchards
title_sort identification and pathogenicity of alternaria species associated with leaf blotch disease and premature defoliation in french apple orchards
publisher PeerJ Inc.
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/edc5f806640c4501aba9e8c8bcbfc002
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