Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art related to the implementation of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities. In recent years, bus operators have started focusing on the electrification of their fleet to reduce the air pollutants in cities, which has led to a growing...

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Autores principales:	Boud Verbrugge, Mohammed Mahedi Hasan, Haaris Rasool, Thomas Geury, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Omar Hegazy
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	e-bus fleet powertrain charging infrastructure bus scheduling charging management depot charging Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ee02974ffb60415e829ae181379b8a2d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ee02974ffb60415e829ae181379b8a2d2021-11-11T19:47:01ZSmart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review10.3390/su1321121892071-1050https://doaj.org/article/ee02974ffb60415e829ae181379b8a2d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12189https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art related to the implementation of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities. In recent years, bus operators have started focusing on the electrification of their fleet to reduce the air pollutants in cities, which has led to a growing interest from the scientific community. This paper presents an analysis of the BEB powertrain topology and the charging technology of BEBs, with a particular emphasis on the power electronics systems. Moreover, the different key technical requirements to facilitate the operation of BEBs are addressed. Accordingly, an in-depth review on vehicle scheduling, charger location optimization and charging management strategies is carried out. The main findings concerning these research fields are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, potential challenges and required further developments are determined. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that an accurate energy consumption assessment of their BEBs is a must for bus operators, that real-time, multi-objective smart charging management strategies with V2X features should be included when performing large bus fleet scheduling and that synchronized opportunity charging, smart green depot charging, and electric bus rapid transit can further reduce the impact on the grid. This review paper should help to enable a smarter and more efficient integration of BEBs in cities in the future.Boud VerbruggeMohammed Mahedi HasanHaaris RasoolThomas GeuryMohamed El BaghdadiOmar HegazyMDPI AGarticlee-bus fleetpowertraincharging infrastructurebus schedulingcharging managementdepot chargingEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12189, p 12189 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	e-bus fleet powertrain charging infrastructure bus scheduling charging management depot charging Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	e-bus fleet powertrain charging infrastructure bus scheduling charging management depot charging Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Boud Verbrugge Mohammed Mahedi Hasan Haaris Rasool Thomas Geury Mohamed El Baghdadi Omar Hegazy Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review
description	This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art related to the implementation of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities. In recent years, bus operators have started focusing on the electrification of their fleet to reduce the air pollutants in cities, which has led to a growing interest from the scientific community. This paper presents an analysis of the BEB powertrain topology and the charging technology of BEBs, with a particular emphasis on the power electronics systems. Moreover, the different key technical requirements to facilitate the operation of BEBs are addressed. Accordingly, an in-depth review on vehicle scheduling, charger location optimization and charging management strategies is carried out. The main findings concerning these research fields are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, potential challenges and required further developments are determined. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that an accurate energy consumption assessment of their BEBs is a must for bus operators, that real-time, multi-objective smart charging management strategies with V2X features should be included when performing large bus fleet scheduling and that synchronized opportunity charging, smart green depot charging, and electric bus rapid transit can further reduce the impact on the grid. This review paper should help to enable a smarter and more efficient integration of BEBs in cities in the future.
format	article
author	Boud Verbrugge Mohammed Mahedi Hasan Haaris Rasool Thomas Geury Mohamed El Baghdadi Omar Hegazy
author_facet	Boud Verbrugge Mohammed Mahedi Hasan Haaris Rasool Thomas Geury Mohamed El Baghdadi Omar Hegazy
author_sort	Boud Verbrugge
title	Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review
title_short	Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review
title_full	Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review
title_fullStr	Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review
title_full_unstemmed	Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review
title_sort	smart integration of electric buses in cities: a technological review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ee02974ffb60415e829ae181379b8a2d
work_keys_str_mv	AT boudverbrugge smartintegrationofelectricbusesincitiesatechnologicalreview AT mohammedmahedihasan smartintegrationofelectricbusesincitiesatechnologicalreview AT haarisrasool smartintegrationofelectricbusesincitiesatechnologicalreview AT thomasgeury smartintegrationofelectricbusesincitiesatechnologicalreview AT mohamedelbaghdadi smartintegrationofelectricbusesincitiesatechnologicalreview AT omarhegazy smartintegrationofelectricbusesincitiesatechnologicalreview
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Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review

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