Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate

The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media....

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Autores principales:	Jung-Min Park, Haerin Jeong, Yoon-Seok Seo, Van Quan Do, Seong-Jin Choi, Kyuhong Lee, Kyung-Chul Choi, Won Jun Choi, Moo-Yeol Lee
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	cigarette smoke reactive oxygen species superoxide bicarbonate Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ee9f594600424d369dbd6c437d0f3cbf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ee9f594600424d369dbd6c437d0f3cbf2021-11-25T19:08:22ZCigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate10.3390/toxics91103162305-6304https://doaj.org/article/ee9f594600424d369dbd6c437d0f3cbf2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/316https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6304The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media. In this study, we investigated CS-induced superoxide formation in biocompatible aqueous media and its characteristics. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and total particulate matter (TPM) were prepared from the mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. CSE and TPM generated superoxide in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM), and blood plasma, but not in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Each constituent of HBSS in solution was tested, and bicarbonate was found to be responsible for the superoxide generation. More than half of the superoxide formation was abolished by pretreating CSE or TPM with peroxidase, indicating that the substrates of peroxidase, presumably peroxides and peroxy acids, mainly contributed to the superoxide production. In conclusion, the presence of bicarbonate in experimental conditions should be considered carefully in studies of the biological activity of CS. Furthermore, the local amount of bicarbonate in exposed tissues may be a determinant of tissue sensitivity to oxidative damage by CS.Jung-Min ParkHaerin JeongYoon-Seok SeoVan Quan DoSeong-Jin ChoiKyuhong LeeKyung-Chul ChoiWon Jun ChoiMoo-Yeol LeeMDPI AGarticlecigarette smokereactive oxygen speciessuperoxidebicarbonateChemical technologyTP1-1185ENToxics, Vol 9, Iss 316, p 316 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cigarette smoke reactive oxygen species superoxide bicarbonate Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	cigarette smoke reactive oxygen species superoxide bicarbonate Chemical technology TP1-1185 Jung-Min Park Haerin Jeong Yoon-Seok Seo Van Quan Do Seong-Jin Choi Kyuhong Lee Kyung-Chul Choi Won Jun Choi Moo-Yeol Lee Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate
description	The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media. In this study, we investigated CS-induced superoxide formation in biocompatible aqueous media and its characteristics. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and total particulate matter (TPM) were prepared from the mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. CSE and TPM generated superoxide in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM), and blood plasma, but not in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Each constituent of HBSS in solution was tested, and bicarbonate was found to be responsible for the superoxide generation. More than half of the superoxide formation was abolished by pretreating CSE or TPM with peroxidase, indicating that the substrates of peroxidase, presumably peroxides and peroxy acids, mainly contributed to the superoxide production. In conclusion, the presence of bicarbonate in experimental conditions should be considered carefully in studies of the biological activity of CS. Furthermore, the local amount of bicarbonate in exposed tissues may be a determinant of tissue sensitivity to oxidative damage by CS.
format	article
author	Jung-Min Park Haerin Jeong Yoon-Seok Seo Van Quan Do Seong-Jin Choi Kyuhong Lee Kyung-Chul Choi Won Jun Choi Moo-Yeol Lee
author_facet	Jung-Min Park Haerin Jeong Yoon-Seok Seo Van Quan Do Seong-Jin Choi Kyuhong Lee Kyung-Chul Choi Won Jun Choi Moo-Yeol Lee
author_sort	Jung-Min Park
title	Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate
title_short	Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate
title_full	Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate
title_fullStr	Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate
title_full_unstemmed	Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate
title_sort	cigarette smoke extract produces superoxide in aqueous media by reacting with bicarbonate
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ee9f594600424d369dbd6c437d0f3cbf
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Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate

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