Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India

Abstract The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a critically endangered crocodylian, endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The species has experienced severe population decline during the twentieth century owing to habitat loss, poaching, and mortalities in passive fishing. Its extant populations have l...

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Autores principales:	Surya Prasad Sharma, Mirza Ghazanfarullah Ghazi, Suyash Katdare, Niladri Dasgupta, Samrat Mondol, Sandeep Kumar Gupta, Syed Ainul Hussain
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/eec42d876b7a4537851bf93b1fc4dd7e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:eec42d876b7a4537851bf93b1fc4dd7e2021-12-02T15:53:42ZMicrosatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India10.1038/s41598-021-85201-w2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/eec42d876b7a4537851bf93b1fc4dd7e2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85201-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a critically endangered crocodylian, endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The species has experienced severe population decline during the twentieth century owing to habitat loss, poaching, and mortalities in passive fishing. Its extant populations have largely recovered through translocation programmes initiated in 1975. Understanding the genetic status of these populations is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of the ongoing conservation efforts. This study assessed the genetic diversity, population structure, and evidence of genetic bottlenecks of the two managed populations inhabiting the Chambal and Girwa Rivers, which hold nearly 80% of the global gharial populations. We used seven polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci and a 520 bp partial fragment of the mitochondrial control region (CR). The overall mean allelic richness (Ar) was 2.80 ± 0.40, and the observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities were 0.40 ± 0.05 and 0.39 ± 0.05, respectively. We observed low levels of genetic differentiation between populations (F ST = 0.039, P < 0.05; G’ ST = 0.058, P < 0.05 Jost’s D = 0.016, P < 0.05). The bottleneck analysis using the M ratio (Chambal = 0.31 ± 0.06; Girwa = 0.41 ± 0.12) suggested the presence of a genetic bottleneck in both populations. The mitochondrial CR also showed a low level of variation, with two haplotypes observed in the Girwa population. This study highlights the low level of genetic diversity in the two largest managed gharial populations in the wild. Hence, it is recommended to assess the genetic status of extant wild and captive gharial populations for planning future translocation programmes to ensure long-term survival in the wild.Surya Prasad SharmaMirza Ghazanfarullah GhaziSuyash KatdareNiladri DasguptaSamrat MondolSandeep Kumar GuptaSyed Ainul HussainNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Surya Prasad Sharma Mirza Ghazanfarullah Ghazi Suyash Katdare Niladri Dasgupta Samrat Mondol Sandeep Kumar Gupta Syed Ainul Hussain Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India
description	Abstract The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a critically endangered crocodylian, endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The species has experienced severe population decline during the twentieth century owing to habitat loss, poaching, and mortalities in passive fishing. Its extant populations have largely recovered through translocation programmes initiated in 1975. Understanding the genetic status of these populations is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of the ongoing conservation efforts. This study assessed the genetic diversity, population structure, and evidence of genetic bottlenecks of the two managed populations inhabiting the Chambal and Girwa Rivers, which hold nearly 80% of the global gharial populations. We used seven polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci and a 520 bp partial fragment of the mitochondrial control region (CR). The overall mean allelic richness (Ar) was 2.80 ± 0.40, and the observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities were 0.40 ± 0.05 and 0.39 ± 0.05, respectively. We observed low levels of genetic differentiation between populations (F ST = 0.039, P < 0.05; G’ ST = 0.058, P < 0.05 Jost’s D = 0.016, P < 0.05). The bottleneck analysis using the M ratio (Chambal = 0.31 ± 0.06; Girwa = 0.41 ± 0.12) suggested the presence of a genetic bottleneck in both populations. The mitochondrial CR also showed a low level of variation, with two haplotypes observed in the Girwa population. This study highlights the low level of genetic diversity in the two largest managed gharial populations in the wild. Hence, it is recommended to assess the genetic status of extant wild and captive gharial populations for planning future translocation programmes to ensure long-term survival in the wild.
format	article
author	Surya Prasad Sharma Mirza Ghazanfarullah Ghazi Suyash Katdare Niladri Dasgupta Samrat Mondol Sandeep Kumar Gupta Syed Ainul Hussain
author_facet	Surya Prasad Sharma Mirza Ghazanfarullah Ghazi Suyash Katdare Niladri Dasgupta Samrat Mondol Sandeep Kumar Gupta Syed Ainul Hussain
author_sort	Surya Prasad Sharma
title	Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India
title_short	Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India
title_full	Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India
title_fullStr	Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India
title_full_unstemmed	Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India
title_sort	microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (gavialis gangeticus) in india
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/eec42d876b7a4537851bf93b1fc4dd7e
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Microsatellite analysis reveals low genetic diversity in managed populations of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India

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