Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation

Environmental stressors can promote the vulnerability of animals to infections; it is therefore, essential to understand how stressors affect the immune system, the adaptive capacity of animals to respond, and effective techniques in managing stress. This review highlights scientific evidence regard...

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Autores principales:	Fisayo Akinyemi, Deborah Adewole
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	chickens temperature stress stocking density feed restriction environmental pollutants vitamins Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ef22a4ab6a2f4ff0960eaae4bdd6ad7c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ef22a4ab6a2f4ff0960eaae4bdd6ad7c2021-11-18T09:52:51ZEnvironmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation2673-622510.3389/fanim.2021.775311https://doaj.org/article/ef22a4ab6a2f4ff0960eaae4bdd6ad7c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2021.775311/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2673-6225Environmental stressors can promote the vulnerability of animals to infections; it is therefore, essential to understand how stressors affect the immune system, the adaptive capacity of animals to respond, and effective techniques in managing stress. This review highlights scientific evidence regarding environmental stress challenge models and the potential effectiveness of vitamin supplementation. The major environmental stressors discussed are heat and cold stress, feed restriction, stocking density, and pollutants. Much work has been done to identify the effects of environmental stress in broilers and layers, while few involved other types of poultry. Studies indicated that chickens' performance, health, and welfare are compromised when challenged with environmental stress. These stressors result in physiological alterations, behavioral changes, decreased egg and meat quality, tissue and intestinal damage, and high mortalities. The application of vitamins with other nutritional approaches can help in combating these environmental stressors in chickens. Poultry birds do not synthesize sufficient vitamins during stressful periods. It is therefore suggested that chicken diets are supplemented with vitamins when subjected to environmental stress. Combination of vitamins are considered more efficient than the use of individual vitamins in alleviating environmental stress in chickens.Fisayo AkinyemiDeborah AdewoleFrontiers Media S.A.articlechickenstemperature stressstocking densityfeed restrictionenvironmental pollutantsvitaminsVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENFrontiers in Animal Science, Vol 2 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	chickens temperature stress stocking density feed restriction environmental pollutants vitamins Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	chickens temperature stress stocking density feed restriction environmental pollutants vitamins Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Fisayo Akinyemi Deborah Adewole Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation
description	Environmental stressors can promote the vulnerability of animals to infections; it is therefore, essential to understand how stressors affect the immune system, the adaptive capacity of animals to respond, and effective techniques in managing stress. This review highlights scientific evidence regarding environmental stress challenge models and the potential effectiveness of vitamin supplementation. The major environmental stressors discussed are heat and cold stress, feed restriction, stocking density, and pollutants. Much work has been done to identify the effects of environmental stress in broilers and layers, while few involved other types of poultry. Studies indicated that chickens' performance, health, and welfare are compromised when challenged with environmental stress. These stressors result in physiological alterations, behavioral changes, decreased egg and meat quality, tissue and intestinal damage, and high mortalities. The application of vitamins with other nutritional approaches can help in combating these environmental stressors in chickens. Poultry birds do not synthesize sufficient vitamins during stressful periods. It is therefore suggested that chicken diets are supplemented with vitamins when subjected to environmental stress. Combination of vitamins are considered more efficient than the use of individual vitamins in alleviating environmental stress in chickens.
format	article
author	Fisayo Akinyemi Deborah Adewole
author_facet	Fisayo Akinyemi Deborah Adewole
author_sort	Fisayo Akinyemi
title	Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation
title_short	Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation
title_full	Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation
title_fullStr	Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation
title_full_unstemmed	Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation
title_sort	environmental stress in chickens and the potential effectiveness of dietary vitamin supplementation
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ef22a4ab6a2f4ff0960eaae4bdd6ad7c
work_keys_str_mv	AT fisayoakinyemi environmentalstressinchickensandthepotentialeffectivenessofdietaryvitaminsupplementation AT deborahadewole environmentalstressinchickensandthepotentialeffectivenessofdietaryvitaminsupplementation
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Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation

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