Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife

Background Evidence in older adults suggests that higher cardiorespiratory fitness and lower cardiovascular risk are associated with greater cognition. However, given that changes in the brain that lead to cognitive decline begin decades before the onset of symptoms, understanding the mechanisms by...

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Autores principales:	Goretti España‐Irla, Joyce Gomes‐Osman, Gabriele Cattaneo, Sergiu Albu, María Cabello‐Toscano, Javier Solana‐Sanchéz, María Redondo‐Camós, Selma Delgado‐Gallén, Vanessa Alviarez‐Schulze, Catherine Pachón‐García, Josep M. Tormos, David Bartrés‐Faz, Timothy P. Morris, Álvaro Pascual‐Leone
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Wiley 2021
Materias:	cardiorespiratory fitness cardiovascular health cognition exercise mediation midlife Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system RC666-701
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ef5dfb627fae4e209cee35852cb051db
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ef5dfb627fae4e209cee35852cb051db2021-11-23T11:36:35ZAssociations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife10.1161/JAHA.120.0206882047-9980https://doaj.org/article/ef5dfb627fae4e209cee35852cb051db2021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.020688https://doaj.org/toc/2047-9980Background Evidence in older adults suggests that higher cardiorespiratory fitness and lower cardiovascular risk are associated with greater cognition. However, given that changes in the brain that lead to cognitive decline begin decades before the onset of symptoms, understanding the mechanisms by which modifiable cardiovascular factors are associated with brain health in midlife is critical and can lead to the development of strategies to promote and maintain brain health as we age. Methods and Results In 501 middle‐aged (aged 40–65 years) adult participants of the BBHI (Barcelona Brain Health Initiative), we found differential associations among cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular risk, and cognition and cortical thickness. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with better visuospatial abilities and frontal loading abstract problem solving (β=3.16, P=0.049) in the older middle‐aged group (aged 55–65 years). In contrast, cardiovascular risk was negatively associated with better visuospatial reasoning and problem‐solving abilities (β=−0.046, P=0.002), flexibility (β=−0.054, P<0.001), processing speed (β=−0.115, P<0.001), and memory (β=−0.120, P<0.001). Cortical thickness in frontal regions mediated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition, whereas cortical thickness in a disperse network spanning multiple cortical regions across both hemispheres mediated the relationship between cardiovascular risk and cognition. Conclusions The relationships between modifiable cardiovascular factors, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular risk, and cognition are present in healthy middle‐aged adults. These relationships are also mediated by brain structure highlighting a potential mechanistic pathway through which higher cardiorespiratory fitness and lower cardiovascular risk can positively impact cognitive function in midlife.Goretti España‐IrlaJoyce Gomes‐OsmanGabriele CattaneoSergiu AlbuMaría Cabello‐ToscanoJavier Solana‐SanchézMaría Redondo‐CamósSelma Delgado‐GallénVanessa Alviarez‐SchulzeCatherine Pachón‐GarcíaJosep M. TormosDavid Bartrés‐FazTimothy P. MorrisÁlvaro Pascual‐LeoneWileyarticlecardiorespiratory fitnesscardiovascular healthcognitionexercisemediationmidlifeDiseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) systemRC666-701ENJournal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, Vol 10, Iss 18 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cardiorespiratory fitness cardiovascular health cognition exercise mediation midlife Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system RC666-701
spellingShingle	cardiorespiratory fitness cardiovascular health cognition exercise mediation midlife Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system RC666-701 Goretti España‐Irla Joyce Gomes‐Osman Gabriele Cattaneo Sergiu Albu María Cabello‐Toscano Javier Solana‐Sanchéz María Redondo‐Camós Selma Delgado‐Gallén Vanessa Alviarez‐Schulze Catherine Pachón‐García Josep M. Tormos David Bartrés‐Faz Timothy P. Morris Álvaro Pascual‐Leone Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife
description	Background Evidence in older adults suggests that higher cardiorespiratory fitness and lower cardiovascular risk are associated with greater cognition. However, given that changes in the brain that lead to cognitive decline begin decades before the onset of symptoms, understanding the mechanisms by which modifiable cardiovascular factors are associated with brain health in midlife is critical and can lead to the development of strategies to promote and maintain brain health as we age. Methods and Results In 501 middle‐aged (aged 40–65 years) adult participants of the BBHI (Barcelona Brain Health Initiative), we found differential associations among cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular risk, and cognition and cortical thickness. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with better visuospatial abilities and frontal loading abstract problem solving (β=3.16, P=0.049) in the older middle‐aged group (aged 55–65 years). In contrast, cardiovascular risk was negatively associated with better visuospatial reasoning and problem‐solving abilities (β=−0.046, P=0.002), flexibility (β=−0.054, P<0.001), processing speed (β=−0.115, P<0.001), and memory (β=−0.120, P<0.001). Cortical thickness in frontal regions mediated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition, whereas cortical thickness in a disperse network spanning multiple cortical regions across both hemispheres mediated the relationship between cardiovascular risk and cognition. Conclusions The relationships between modifiable cardiovascular factors, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular risk, and cognition are present in healthy middle‐aged adults. These relationships are also mediated by brain structure highlighting a potential mechanistic pathway through which higher cardiorespiratory fitness and lower cardiovascular risk can positively impact cognitive function in midlife.
format	article
author	Goretti España‐Irla Joyce Gomes‐Osman Gabriele Cattaneo Sergiu Albu María Cabello‐Toscano Javier Solana‐Sanchéz María Redondo‐Camós Selma Delgado‐Gallén Vanessa Alviarez‐Schulze Catherine Pachón‐García Josep M. Tormos David Bartrés‐Faz Timothy P. Morris Álvaro Pascual‐Leone
author_facet	Goretti España‐Irla Joyce Gomes‐Osman Gabriele Cattaneo Sergiu Albu María Cabello‐Toscano Javier Solana‐Sanchéz María Redondo‐Camós Selma Delgado‐Gallén Vanessa Alviarez‐Schulze Catherine Pachón‐García Josep M. Tormos David Bartrés‐Faz Timothy P. Morris Álvaro Pascual‐Leone
author_sort	Goretti España‐Irla
title	Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife
title_short	Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife
title_full	Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife
title_fullStr	Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife
title_full_unstemmed	Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife
title_sort	associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular risk, and cognition are mediated by structural brain health in midlife
publisher	Wiley
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ef5dfb627fae4e209cee35852cb051db
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Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk, and Cognition Are Mediated by Structural Brain Health in Midlife

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