Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State

The sea surface drag coefficient plays an important role in momentum transmission between the atmosphere and the ocean, which is affected by ocean waves. The total air–sea momentum flux consists of effective momentum flux and sea spray momentum flux. Sea spray momentum flux involves sea surface drag...

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Autores principales:	Jian Shi, Zhihao Feng, Yuan Sun, Xueyan Zhang, Wenjing Zhang, Yi Yu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	sea surface drag coefficient wave state wave age sea spray droplets Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f048596a2e5549599deb96edf145eecc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f048596a2e5549599deb96edf145eecc2021-11-25T18:04:43ZRelationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State10.3390/jmse91112482077-1312https://doaj.org/article/f048596a2e5549599deb96edf145eecc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1248https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312The sea surface drag coefficient plays an important role in momentum transmission between the atmosphere and the ocean, which is affected by ocean waves. The total air–sea momentum flux consists of effective momentum flux and sea spray momentum flux. Sea spray momentum flux involves sea surface drag, which is largely affected by the ocean wave state. Under strong winds, the sea surface drag coefficient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) does not increase linearly with the increasing wind speed, namely, the increase of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is inhibited by strong winds. In this study, a sea surface drag coefficient is constructed that can be applied to the calculation of the air–sea momentum flux under high wind speed. The sea surface drag coefficient also considers the influence of wave state and sea spray droplets generated by wave breaking. Specially, the wave-dependent sea spray generation function is employed to calculate sea spray momentum flux. This facilitates the analysis not only on the sensitivity of the sea spray momentum flux to wave age, but also on the effect of wave state on the effective <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) under strong winds. Our results indicate that wave age plays an important role in determining <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. When the wave age is >0.4, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> decreases with the wave age. However, when the wave age is ≤0.4, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> increases with the wave age at low and moderate wind speeds but tends to decrease with the wave age at high wind speeds.Jian ShiZhihao FengYuan SunXueyan ZhangWenjing ZhangYi YuMDPI AGarticlesea surface drag coefficientwave statewave agesea spray dropletsNaval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineeringVM1-989OceanographyGC1-1581ENJournal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 9, Iss 1248, p 1248 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sea surface drag coefficient wave state wave age sea spray droplets Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
spellingShingle	sea surface drag coefficient wave state wave age sea spray droplets Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 Jian Shi Zhihao Feng Yuan Sun Xueyan Zhang Wenjing Zhang Yi Yu Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State
description	The sea surface drag coefficient plays an important role in momentum transmission between the atmosphere and the ocean, which is affected by ocean waves. The total air–sea momentum flux consists of effective momentum flux and sea spray momentum flux. Sea spray momentum flux involves sea surface drag, which is largely affected by the ocean wave state. Under strong winds, the sea surface drag coefficient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) does not increase linearly with the increasing wind speed, namely, the increase of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is inhibited by strong winds. In this study, a sea surface drag coefficient is constructed that can be applied to the calculation of the air–sea momentum flux under high wind speed. The sea surface drag coefficient also considers the influence of wave state and sea spray droplets generated by wave breaking. Specially, the wave-dependent sea spray generation function is employed to calculate sea spray momentum flux. This facilitates the analysis not only on the sensitivity of the sea spray momentum flux to wave age, but also on the effect of wave state on the effective <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) under strong winds. Our results indicate that wave age plays an important role in determining <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. When the wave age is >0.4, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> decreases with the wave age. However, when the wave age is ≤0.4, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> increases with the wave age at low and moderate wind speeds but tends to decrease with the wave age at high wind speeds.
format	article
author	Jian Shi Zhihao Feng Yuan Sun Xueyan Zhang Wenjing Zhang Yi Yu
author_facet	Jian Shi Zhihao Feng Yuan Sun Xueyan Zhang Wenjing Zhang Yi Yu
author_sort	Jian Shi
title	Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State
title_short	Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State
title_full	Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State
title_fullStr	Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State
title_full_unstemmed	Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State
title_sort	relationship between sea surface drag coefficient and wave state
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f048596a2e5549599deb96edf145eecc
work_keys_str_mv	AT jianshi relationshipbetweenseasurfacedragcoefficientandwavestate AT zhihaofeng relationshipbetweenseasurfacedragcoefficientandwavestate AT yuansun relationshipbetweenseasurfacedragcoefficientandwavestate AT xueyanzhang relationshipbetweenseasurfacedragcoefficientandwavestate AT wenjingzhang relationshipbetweenseasurfacedragcoefficientandwavestate AT yiyu relationshipbetweenseasurfacedragcoefficientandwavestate
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Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State

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