Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.

Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family play critical roles in detoxification of xenobiotics across many taxa. While GSTs are ubiquitous both in animals and plants, the GST epsilon class (GSTE) is insect-specific and has been associated with resistance to chemical insecticides. While b...

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Autores principales:	Constância F J Ayres, Pie Müller, Naomi Dyer, Craig S Wilding, Daniel J Rigden, Martin J Donnelly
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f0a1213ac2d04fa5a509d54be7d60e12
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f0a1213ac2d04fa5a509d54be7d60e122021-11-18T07:31:51ZComparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0029237https://doaj.org/article/f0a1213ac2d04fa5a509d54be7d60e122011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22206003/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family play critical roles in detoxification of xenobiotics across many taxa. While GSTs are ubiquitous both in animals and plants, the GST epsilon class (GSTE) is insect-specific and has been associated with resistance to chemical insecticides. While both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae GSTE clusters consist of eight members, only four putative orthologs are identifiable between the species, suggesting independent expansions of the class in each lineage. We used a primer walking approach, sequencing almost the entire cluster from three Anopheles species (An. stephensi, An. funestus (both Cellia subgenus) and An. plumbeus (Anopheles subgenus)) and compared the sequences to putative orthologs in An. gambiae (Cellia) in an attempt to trace the evolution of the cluster within the subfamily Anophelinae. Furthermore, we measured transcript levels from the identified GSTE loci by real time reverse transcription PCR to determine if all genes were similarly transcribed at different life stages. Among the species investigated, gene order and orientation were similar with three exceptions: (i) GSTE1 was absent in An. plumbeus; (ii) GSTE2 is duplicated in An. plumbeus and (iii) an additional transcriptionally active pseudogene (ψAsGSTE2) was found in An. stephensi. Further statistical analysis and protein modelling gave evidence for positive selection on codons of the catalytic site in GSTE5 albeit its origin seems to predate the introduction of chemical insecticides. Gene expression profiles revealed differences in expression pattern among genes at different life stages. With the exception of GSTE1, ψAsGSTE2 and GSTE2b, all Anopheles species studied share orthologs and hence we assume that GSTE expansion generally predates radiation into subgenera, though the presence of GSTE1 may also suggest a recent duplication event in the Old World Cellia subgenus, instead of a secondary loss. The modifications of the catalytic site within GSTE5 may represent adaptations to new habitats.Constância F J AyresPie MüllerNaomi DyerCraig S WildingDaniel J RigdenMartin J DonnellyPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 12, p e29237 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Constância F J Ayres Pie Müller Naomi Dyer Craig S Wilding Daniel J Rigden Martin J Donnelly Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.
description	Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family play critical roles in detoxification of xenobiotics across many taxa. While GSTs are ubiquitous both in animals and plants, the GST epsilon class (GSTE) is insect-specific and has been associated with resistance to chemical insecticides. While both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae GSTE clusters consist of eight members, only four putative orthologs are identifiable between the species, suggesting independent expansions of the class in each lineage. We used a primer walking approach, sequencing almost the entire cluster from three Anopheles species (An. stephensi, An. funestus (both Cellia subgenus) and An. plumbeus (Anopheles subgenus)) and compared the sequences to putative orthologs in An. gambiae (Cellia) in an attempt to trace the evolution of the cluster within the subfamily Anophelinae. Furthermore, we measured transcript levels from the identified GSTE loci by real time reverse transcription PCR to determine if all genes were similarly transcribed at different life stages. Among the species investigated, gene order and orientation were similar with three exceptions: (i) GSTE1 was absent in An. plumbeus; (ii) GSTE2 is duplicated in An. plumbeus and (iii) an additional transcriptionally active pseudogene (ψAsGSTE2) was found in An. stephensi. Further statistical analysis and protein modelling gave evidence for positive selection on codons of the catalytic site in GSTE5 albeit its origin seems to predate the introduction of chemical insecticides. Gene expression profiles revealed differences in expression pattern among genes at different life stages. With the exception of GSTE1, ψAsGSTE2 and GSTE2b, all Anopheles species studied share orthologs and hence we assume that GSTE expansion generally predates radiation into subgenera, though the presence of GSTE1 may also suggest a recent duplication event in the Old World Cellia subgenus, instead of a secondary loss. The modifications of the catalytic site within GSTE5 may represent adaptations to new habitats.
format	article
author	Constância F J Ayres Pie Müller Naomi Dyer Craig S Wilding Daniel J Rigden Martin J Donnelly
author_facet	Constância F J Ayres Pie Müller Naomi Dyer Craig S Wilding Daniel J Rigden Martin J Donnelly
author_sort	Constância F J Ayres
title	Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.
title_short	Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.
title_full	Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.
title_fullStr	Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.
title_full_unstemmed	Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.
title_sort	comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione s-transferase epsilon cluster.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/f0a1213ac2d04fa5a509d54be7d60e12
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Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster.

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