Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review

During December 2019, a rapid increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases was reported worldwide. We investigated several factors for rapid increase in SARS-COV-2. Genomic sequence reveals that domestic and wild animals were likely ancestors and zoonotic source for SARS-CoVs, MERS-CoVs, an...

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Autores principales:	Kamran Mahmood Ahmed Aziz, Abdullah Othman, Waleed Abdullah Alqahtani, Sumaiya Azhar
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Emergency Department of Hospital San Pedro (Logroño, Spain) 2021
Materias:	sars-cov-2 rt-pcr antibody zoonotic animal transmission genomics asymptomatic fraction herd immunity Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f10700ed8b33450e8b8578db68e20197
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f10700ed8b33450e8b8578db68e201972021-12-02T19:14:48ZFactors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review10.5281/zenodo.45997182695-5075https://doaj.org/article/f10700ed8b33450e8b8578db68e201972021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4599718https://doaj.org/toc/2695-5075During December 2019, a rapid increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases was reported worldwide. We investigated several factors for rapid increase in SARS-COV-2. Genomic sequence reveals that domestic and wild animals were likely ancestors and zoonotic source for SARS-CoVs, MERS-CoVs, and SARS-CoV-2; these viruses replicated in animals and humans during past several decades, exhibiting diverse mutations and self-limiting diseases except during outbreaks. SARS-CoV-2 has been retrospectively isolated in different studies in August 2019, several months before Wuhan reported. Hence, there is a possibility that viruses went undetected and infecting sub-clinically, in past several years, and SARS-CoV-2 antigens and neutralizing antibodies may have been present in humans since years. All SARS-CoVs are basically respiratory viruses, spread by droplets, hence droplet precautions are essential. Furthermore, silent phase of transmission (asymptomatic/subclinical) can be beneficial for humans. Lack of symptoms eventually lessen virus transmission and reduce the pathogen's long-term survival and provide strong humoral herd immunity (with sropositivity and diverse antibodies) up to several years and during epidemics. RT-PCR has low sensitivity and specificity, carries a high risk of handling live virus antigens, and requires difficult protocols. As viral load also sharply declines after few days of onset of infection, this technique might overlook infection. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection may be present in blood when oropharyngeal swabs are negative by RT-PCR. Conversely, antibodies against SARS-CoVs develop robustly in by reduced amount of antigens and ELISA for diagnosing antibodies demonstrates 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity, even in clinically asymptomatic individuals. These antibodies can be used for serologic surveys, monitoring and screening. Furthermore, screening tests for SARS-COV-2 should be avoided in unhygienic public places by nasopharyngeal swabs, which carry a high risk of further transmission, co-infection or super-infection. If above mentioned factors and Infection control policy is followed, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic can be controlled effectively.Kamran Mahmood Ahmed AzizAbdullah OthmanWaleed Abdullah AlqahtaniSumaiya AzharEmergency Department of Hospital San Pedro (Logroño, Spain)articlesars-cov-2rt-pcrantibodyzoonoticanimal transmissiongenomicsasymptomatic fractionherd immunityMedicine (General)R5-920ENIberoamerican Journal of Medicine, Vol 3, Iss 2, Pp 138-160 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sars-cov-2 rt-pcr antibody zoonotic animal transmission genomics asymptomatic fraction herd immunity Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	sars-cov-2 rt-pcr antibody zoonotic animal transmission genomics asymptomatic fraction herd immunity Medicine (General) R5-920 Kamran Mahmood Ahmed Aziz Abdullah Othman Waleed Abdullah Alqahtani Sumaiya Azhar Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review
description	During December 2019, a rapid increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases was reported worldwide. We investigated several factors for rapid increase in SARS-COV-2. Genomic sequence reveals that domestic and wild animals were likely ancestors and zoonotic source for SARS-CoVs, MERS-CoVs, and SARS-CoV-2; these viruses replicated in animals and humans during past several decades, exhibiting diverse mutations and self-limiting diseases except during outbreaks. SARS-CoV-2 has been retrospectively isolated in different studies in August 2019, several months before Wuhan reported. Hence, there is a possibility that viruses went undetected and infecting sub-clinically, in past several years, and SARS-CoV-2 antigens and neutralizing antibodies may have been present in humans since years. All SARS-CoVs are basically respiratory viruses, spread by droplets, hence droplet precautions are essential. Furthermore, silent phase of transmission (asymptomatic/subclinical) can be beneficial for humans. Lack of symptoms eventually lessen virus transmission and reduce the pathogen's long-term survival and provide strong humoral herd immunity (with sropositivity and diverse antibodies) up to several years and during epidemics. RT-PCR has low sensitivity and specificity, carries a high risk of handling live virus antigens, and requires difficult protocols. As viral load also sharply declines after few days of onset of infection, this technique might overlook infection. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection may be present in blood when oropharyngeal swabs are negative by RT-PCR. Conversely, antibodies against SARS-CoVs develop robustly in by reduced amount of antigens and ELISA for diagnosing antibodies demonstrates 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity, even in clinically asymptomatic individuals. These antibodies can be used for serologic surveys, monitoring and screening. Furthermore, screening tests for SARS-COV-2 should be avoided in unhygienic public places by nasopharyngeal swabs, which carry a high risk of further transmission, co-infection or super-infection. If above mentioned factors and Infection control policy is followed, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic can be controlled effectively.
format	article
author	Kamran Mahmood Ahmed Aziz Abdullah Othman Waleed Abdullah Alqahtani Sumaiya Azhar
author_facet	Kamran Mahmood Ahmed Aziz Abdullah Othman Waleed Abdullah Alqahtani Sumaiya Azhar
author_sort	Kamran Mahmood Ahmed Aziz
title	Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review
title_short	Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review
title_full	Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review
title_fullStr	Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review
title_full_unstemmed	Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review
title_sort	factors affecting sars-cov-2 (covid-19) pandemic, including zoonotic, human transmission and chain of infection. reducing public health risk by serum antibody testing, avoiding screening in unhygienic places and false pcr reporting. a scientific review
publisher	Emergency Department of Hospital San Pedro (Logroño, Spain)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f10700ed8b33450e8b8578db68e20197
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Factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review

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