Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata

Abstract The order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) is among the most ancestral groups of winged insects with drastic morphological changes upon metamorphosis, and thus important for understanding evo-devo aspects of insects. However, basic developmental descriptions of Odonata have been scarce...

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Autores principales:	Genta Okude, Takema Fukatsu, Ryo Futahashi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f138bccaf1b94626997054b815780f1c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f138bccaf1b94626997054b815780f1c2021-12-02T13:34:58ZComprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata10.1038/s41598-021-84639-22045-2322https://doaj.org/article/f138bccaf1b94626997054b815780f1c2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84639-2https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) is among the most ancestral groups of winged insects with drastic morphological changes upon metamorphosis, and thus important for understanding evo-devo aspects of insects. However, basic developmental descriptions of Odonata have been scarce. In an attempt to establish the foundation of developmental and experimental biology of Odonata, we present an unprecedentedly comprehensive survey of dragonflies and damselflies, in total 158 larvae representing 49 species and 14 families, wherein morphological changes of all the final and/or penultimate instar larvae were photographed and monitored everyday. Although their morphology and development were diverse, we consistently identified two visually recognizable morphogenetic events in the final larval instar, namely start of wing expansion and onset of melanization on the wing sheaths, thereby categorizing the final instar into three stages. While the duration of the first stage ranged 4–66 days across diverse Odonata species, the second or third stages exhibited relatively small variation ranging 3–22 days or 1–8 days, respectively, probably reflecting the steady and irreversible metamorphosis process after stage 2. We also described other characteristic morphological changes during the larval development, although they were observed only in some Odonata species and lineages.Genta OkudeTakema FukatsuRyo FutahashiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Genta Okude Takema Fukatsu Ryo Futahashi Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata
description	Abstract The order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) is among the most ancestral groups of winged insects with drastic morphological changes upon metamorphosis, and thus important for understanding evo-devo aspects of insects. However, basic developmental descriptions of Odonata have been scarce. In an attempt to establish the foundation of developmental and experimental biology of Odonata, we present an unprecedentedly comprehensive survey of dragonflies and damselflies, in total 158 larvae representing 49 species and 14 families, wherein morphological changes of all the final and/or penultimate instar larvae were photographed and monitored everyday. Although their morphology and development were diverse, we consistently identified two visually recognizable morphogenetic events in the final larval instar, namely start of wing expansion and onset of melanization on the wing sheaths, thereby categorizing the final instar into three stages. While the duration of the first stage ranged 4–66 days across diverse Odonata species, the second or third stages exhibited relatively small variation ranging 3–22 days or 1–8 days, respectively, probably reflecting the steady and irreversible metamorphosis process after stage 2. We also described other characteristic morphological changes during the larval development, although they were observed only in some Odonata species and lineages.
format	article
author	Genta Okude Takema Fukatsu Ryo Futahashi
author_facet	Genta Okude Takema Fukatsu Ryo Futahashi
author_sort	Genta Okude
title	Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata
title_short	Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata
title_full	Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata
title_fullStr	Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata
title_full_unstemmed	Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata
title_sort	comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order odonata
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f138bccaf1b94626997054b815780f1c
work_keys_str_mv	AT gentaokude comprehensivecomparativemorphologyanddevelopmentalstagingoffinalinstarlarvaetowardmetamorphosisintheinsectorderodonata AT takemafukatsu comprehensivecomparativemorphologyanddevelopmentalstagingoffinalinstarlarvaetowardmetamorphosisintheinsectorderodonata AT ryofutahashi comprehensivecomparativemorphologyanddevelopmentalstagingoffinalinstarlarvaetowardmetamorphosisintheinsectorderodonata
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Comprehensive comparative morphology and developmental staging of final instar larvae toward metamorphosis in the insect order Odonata

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