Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections

Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggest...

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Autores principales:	Damien Réveillon, Véronique Savar, Estelle Schaefer, Julien Chevé, Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille, Dominique Hervio-Heath, Marie-Agnès Travers, Eric Abadie, Jean-Luc Rolland, Philipp Hess
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	emerging toxins TTXs REPHY REMI coastal and seafood contamination Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f1af15ff279a46c6badadbff5e8dd778
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f1af15ff279a46c6badadbff5e8dd7782021-11-25T19:08:28ZTetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections10.3390/toxins131107402072-6651https://doaj.org/article/f1af15ff279a46c6badadbff5e8dd7782021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/740https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> or <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5–3 month periods (2018–2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from ‘not detected’ to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex.Damien RéveillonVéronique SavarEstelle SchaeferJulien ChevéMarie-Pierre Halm-LemeilleDominique Hervio-HeathMarie-Agnès TraversEric AbadieJean-Luc RollandPhilipp HessMDPI AGarticleemerging toxinsTTXsREPHYREMIcoastal and seafood contaminationMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 740, p 740 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	emerging toxins TTXs REPHY REMI coastal and seafood contamination Medicine R
spellingShingle	emerging toxins TTXs REPHY REMI coastal and seafood contamination Medicine R Damien Réveillon Véronique Savar Estelle Schaefer Julien Chevé Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille Dominique Hervio-Heath Marie-Agnès Travers Eric Abadie Jean-Luc Rolland Philipp Hess Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
description	Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> or <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5–3 month periods (2018–2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from ‘not detected’ to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex.
format	article
author	Damien Réveillon Véronique Savar Estelle Schaefer Julien Chevé Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille Dominique Hervio-Heath Marie-Agnès Travers Eric Abadie Jean-Luc Rolland Philipp Hess
author_facet	Damien Réveillon Véronique Savar Estelle Schaefer Julien Chevé Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille Dominique Hervio-Heath Marie-Agnès Travers Eric Abadie Jean-Luc Rolland Philipp Hess
author_sort	Damien Réveillon
title	Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
title_short	Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
title_full	Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
title_fullStr	Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
title_full_unstemmed	Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
title_sort	tetrodotoxins in french bivalve mollusks—analytical methodology, environmental dynamics and screening of bacterial strain collections
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f1af15ff279a46c6badadbff5e8dd778
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Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections

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