Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.

From AD 1347 to AD 1353, the Black Death killed tens of millions of people in Europe, leaving misery and devastation in its wake, with successive epidemics ravaging the continent until the 18(th) century. The etiology of this disease has remained highly controversial, ranging from claims based on ge...

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Autores principales:	Stephanie Haensch, Raffaella Bianucci, Michel Signoli, Minoarisoa Rajerison, Michael Schultz, Sacha Kacki, Marco Vermunt, Darlene A Weston, Derek Hurst, Mark Achtman, Elisabeth Carniel, Barbara Bramanti
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2010
Materias:	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f1cf043efe7f490ab69fc6766a4e9398
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f1cf043efe7f490ab69fc6766a4e93982021-11-18T06:03:51ZDistinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.1553-73661553-737410.1371/journal.ppat.1001134https://doaj.org/article/f1cf043efe7f490ab69fc6766a4e93982010-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/20949072/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7366https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7374From AD 1347 to AD 1353, the Black Death killed tens of millions of people in Europe, leaving misery and devastation in its wake, with successive epidemics ravaging the continent until the 18(th) century. The etiology of this disease has remained highly controversial, ranging from claims based on genetics and the historical descriptions of symptoms that it was caused by Yersinia pestis to conclusions that it must have been caused by other pathogens. It has also been disputed whether plague had the same etiology in northern and southern Europe. Here we identified DNA and protein signatures specific for Y. pestis in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. We confirm that Y. pestis caused the Black Death and later epidemics on the entire European continent over the course of four centuries. Furthermore, on the basis of 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms plus the absence of a deletion in glpD gene, our aDNA results identified two previously unknown but related clades of Y. pestis associated with distinct medieval mass graves. These findings suggest that plague was imported to Europe on two or more occasions, each following a distinct route. These two clades are ancestral to modern isolates of Y. pestis biovars Orientalis and Medievalis. Our results clarify the etiology of the Black Death and provide a paradigm for a detailed historical reconstruction of the infection routes followed by this disease.Stephanie HaenschRaffaella BianucciMichel SignoliMinoarisoa RajerisonMichael SchultzSacha KackiMarco VermuntDarlene A WestonDerek HurstMark AchtmanElisabeth CarnielBarbara BramantiPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Pathogens, Vol 6, Iss 10, p e1001134 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Stephanie Haensch Raffaella Bianucci Michel Signoli Minoarisoa Rajerison Michael Schultz Sacha Kacki Marco Vermunt Darlene A Weston Derek Hurst Mark Achtman Elisabeth Carniel Barbara Bramanti Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
description	From AD 1347 to AD 1353, the Black Death killed tens of millions of people in Europe, leaving misery and devastation in its wake, with successive epidemics ravaging the continent until the 18(th) century. The etiology of this disease has remained highly controversial, ranging from claims based on genetics and the historical descriptions of symptoms that it was caused by Yersinia pestis to conclusions that it must have been caused by other pathogens. It has also been disputed whether plague had the same etiology in northern and southern Europe. Here we identified DNA and protein signatures specific for Y. pestis in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. We confirm that Y. pestis caused the Black Death and later epidemics on the entire European continent over the course of four centuries. Furthermore, on the basis of 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms plus the absence of a deletion in glpD gene, our aDNA results identified two previously unknown but related clades of Y. pestis associated with distinct medieval mass graves. These findings suggest that plague was imported to Europe on two or more occasions, each following a distinct route. These two clades are ancestral to modern isolates of Y. pestis biovars Orientalis and Medievalis. Our results clarify the etiology of the Black Death and provide a paradigm for a detailed historical reconstruction of the infection routes followed by this disease.
format	article
author	Stephanie Haensch Raffaella Bianucci Michel Signoli Minoarisoa Rajerison Michael Schultz Sacha Kacki Marco Vermunt Darlene A Weston Derek Hurst Mark Achtman Elisabeth Carniel Barbara Bramanti
author_facet	Stephanie Haensch Raffaella Bianucci Michel Signoli Minoarisoa Rajerison Michael Schultz Sacha Kacki Marco Vermunt Darlene A Weston Derek Hurst Mark Achtman Elisabeth Carniel Barbara Bramanti
author_sort	Stephanie Haensch
title	Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
title_short	Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
title_full	Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
title_fullStr	Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
title_full_unstemmed	Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
title_sort	distinct clones of yersinia pestis caused the black death.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/f1cf043efe7f490ab69fc6766a4e9398
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Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.

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