Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations

Pain and anxiety are two of the most important concerns in clinical veterinary medicine because they arise as consequences of multiple factors that can severely affect animal welfare. The aim of the present review was to provide a description and interpretation of the physiological and behavioral al...

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Autores principales:	I. Hernández-Avalos, D. Mota-Rojas, J. E. Mendoza-Flores, A. Casas-Alvarado, K. Flores-Padilla, A. E. Miranda-Cortes, F. Torres-Bernal, J. Gómez-Prado, P. Mora-Medina
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Veterinary World 2021
Materias:	anxiety equines nociception pain welfare Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f249b18156d44d548e594dc2e0ff1ddb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f249b18156d44d548e594dc2e0ff1ddb2021-11-26T16:25:26ZNociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations10.14202/vetworld.2021.2984-29950972-89882231-0916https://doaj.org/article/f249b18156d44d548e594dc2e0ff1ddb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/November-2021/20.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/0972-8988https://doaj.org/toc/2231-0916Pain and anxiety are two of the most important concerns in clinical veterinary medicine because they arise as consequences of multiple factors that can severely affect animal welfare. The aim of the present review was to provide a description and interpretation of the physiological and behavioral alterations associated with pain and anxiety in equines. To this end, we conducted an extensive review of diverse sources on the topic. The article begins by describing the neurophysiological pathway of pain, followed by a discussion of the importance of the limbic system in responses to pain and anxiety, since prolonged exposure to situations that cause stress and pain generates such physiological changes as tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hyperthermia, and heart rate variability (HRV), often accompanied by altered emotional states, deficient rest, and even aggressiveness. In the long term, animals may show deficiencies in their ability to deal with changes in the environment due to alterations in the functioning of their immune, nervous, and endocrinologic systems. In conclusion, pain and anxiety directly impact the homeostasis of organisms, so it is necessary to conduct objective evaluations of both sensations using behavioral scales, like the horse grimace scale, complemented by assessments of blood biomarkers to analyze their correlation with physiological parameters: Heart rate, respiratory rate, HRV, the parasympathetic tone activity index, lactate and glucose levels, and temperature. Additional tools – infrared thermography, for example – can also be used in these efforts to improve the quality of life and welfare of horses.I. Hernández-AvalosD. Mota-RojasJ. E. Mendoza-FloresA. Casas-AlvaradoK. Flores-PadillaA. E. Miranda-CortesF. Torres-BernalJ. Gómez-PradoP. Mora-MedinaVeterinary WorldarticleanxietyequinesnociceptionpainwelfareAnimal cultureSF1-1100Veterinary medicineSF600-1100ENVeterinary World, Vol 14, Iss 11, Pp 2984-2995 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	anxiety equines nociception pain welfare Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	anxiety equines nociception pain welfare Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 I. Hernández-Avalos D. Mota-Rojas J. E. Mendoza-Flores A. Casas-Alvarado K. Flores-Padilla A. E. Miranda-Cortes F. Torres-Bernal J. Gómez-Prado P. Mora-Medina Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations
description	Pain and anxiety are two of the most important concerns in clinical veterinary medicine because they arise as consequences of multiple factors that can severely affect animal welfare. The aim of the present review was to provide a description and interpretation of the physiological and behavioral alterations associated with pain and anxiety in equines. To this end, we conducted an extensive review of diverse sources on the topic. The article begins by describing the neurophysiological pathway of pain, followed by a discussion of the importance of the limbic system in responses to pain and anxiety, since prolonged exposure to situations that cause stress and pain generates such physiological changes as tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hyperthermia, and heart rate variability (HRV), often accompanied by altered emotional states, deficient rest, and even aggressiveness. In the long term, animals may show deficiencies in their ability to deal with changes in the environment due to alterations in the functioning of their immune, nervous, and endocrinologic systems. In conclusion, pain and anxiety directly impact the homeostasis of organisms, so it is necessary to conduct objective evaluations of both sensations using behavioral scales, like the horse grimace scale, complemented by assessments of blood biomarkers to analyze their correlation with physiological parameters: Heart rate, respiratory rate, HRV, the parasympathetic tone activity index, lactate and glucose levels, and temperature. Additional tools – infrared thermography, for example – can also be used in these efforts to improve the quality of life and welfare of horses.
format	article
author	I. Hernández-Avalos D. Mota-Rojas J. E. Mendoza-Flores A. Casas-Alvarado K. Flores-Padilla A. E. Miranda-Cortes F. Torres-Bernal J. Gómez-Prado P. Mora-Medina
author_facet	I. Hernández-Avalos D. Mota-Rojas J. E. Mendoza-Flores A. Casas-Alvarado K. Flores-Padilla A. E. Miranda-Cortes F. Torres-Bernal J. Gómez-Prado P. Mora-Medina
author_sort	I. Hernández-Avalos
title	Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations
title_short	Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations
title_full	Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations
title_fullStr	Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations
title_full_unstemmed	Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations
title_sort	nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: physiological and behavioral alterations
publisher	Veterinary World
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f249b18156d44d548e594dc2e0ff1ddb
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Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations

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