Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

Recently, Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors based on exchange-biased magnetic multilayers have shown the potential of detecting low-frequency and small-amplitude magnetic fields. Their design is compatible with microelectromechanical system technology, potentially small, and therefore, suitable...

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Autores principales:	Benjamin Spetzler, Patrick Wiegand, Phillip Durdaut, Michael Höft, Andreas Bahr, Robert Rieger, Franz Faupel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	magnetometer delta-E effect sensor array magnetoelectric cantilever exchange bias Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f2b37dda883b415a98eec863288cd831
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f2b37dda883b415a98eec863288cd8312021-11-25T18:57:52ZModeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays10.3390/s212275941424-8220https://doaj.org/article/f2b37dda883b415a98eec863288cd8312021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7594https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220Recently, Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors based on exchange-biased magnetic multilayers have shown the potential of detecting low-frequency and small-amplitude magnetic fields. Their design is compatible with microelectromechanical system technology, potentially small, and therefore, suitable for arrays with a large number <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>N</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> of sensor elements. In this study, we explore the prospects and limitations for improving the detection limit by averaging the output of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>N</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> sensor elements operated in parallel with a single oscillator and a single amplifier to avoid additional electronics and keep the setup compact. Measurements are performed on a two-element array of exchange-biased sensor elements to validate a signal and noise model. With the model, we estimate requirements and tolerances for sensor elements using larger <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>N</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>. It is found that the intrinsic noise of the sensor elements can be considered uncorrelated, and the signal amplitude is improved if the resonance frequencies differ by less than approximately half the bandwidth of the resonators. Under these conditions, the averaging results in a maximum improvement in the detection limit by a factor of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mi>N</mi></msqrt></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. A maximum <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>200</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> exists, which depends on the read-out electronics and the sensor intrinsic noise. Overall, the results indicate that significant improvement in the limit of detection is possible, and a model is presented for optimizing the design of delta-E effect sensor arrays in the future.Benjamin SpetzlerPatrick WiegandPhillip DurdautMichael HöftAndreas BahrRobert RiegerFranz FaupelMDPI AGarticlemagnetometerdelta-E effectsensor arraymagnetoelectriccantileverexchange biasChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7594, p 7594 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	magnetometer delta-E effect sensor array magnetoelectric cantilever exchange bias Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	magnetometer delta-E effect sensor array magnetoelectric cantilever exchange bias Chemical technology TP1-1185 Benjamin Spetzler Patrick Wiegand Phillip Durdaut Michael Höft Andreas Bahr Robert Rieger Franz Faupel Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays
description	Recently, Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors based on exchange-biased magnetic multilayers have shown the potential of detecting low-frequency and small-amplitude magnetic fields. Their design is compatible with microelectromechanical system technology, potentially small, and therefore, suitable for arrays with a large number <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>N</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> of sensor elements. In this study, we explore the prospects and limitations for improving the detection limit by averaging the output of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>N</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> sensor elements operated in parallel with a single oscillator and a single amplifier to avoid additional electronics and keep the setup compact. Measurements are performed on a two-element array of exchange-biased sensor elements to validate a signal and noise model. With the model, we estimate requirements and tolerances for sensor elements using larger <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>N</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>. It is found that the intrinsic noise of the sensor elements can be considered uncorrelated, and the signal amplitude is improved if the resonance frequencies differ by less than approximately half the bandwidth of the resonators. Under these conditions, the averaging results in a maximum improvement in the detection limit by a factor of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mi>N</mi></msqrt></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. A maximum <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>200</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> exists, which depends on the read-out electronics and the sensor intrinsic noise. Overall, the results indicate that significant improvement in the limit of detection is possible, and a model is presented for optimizing the design of delta-E effect sensor arrays in the future.
format	article
author	Benjamin Spetzler Patrick Wiegand Phillip Durdaut Michael Höft Andreas Bahr Robert Rieger Franz Faupel
author_facet	Benjamin Spetzler Patrick Wiegand Phillip Durdaut Michael Höft Andreas Bahr Robert Rieger Franz Faupel
author_sort	Benjamin Spetzler
title	Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays
title_short	Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays
title_full	Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays
title_fullStr	Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays
title_full_unstemmed	Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays
title_sort	modeling and parallel operation of exchange-biased delta-e effect magnetometers for sensor arrays
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f2b37dda883b415a98eec863288cd831
work_keys_str_mv	AT benjaminspetzler modelingandparalleloperationofexchangebiaseddeltaeeffectmagnetometersforsensorarrays AT patrickwiegand modelingandparalleloperationofexchangebiaseddeltaeeffectmagnetometersforsensorarrays AT phillipdurdaut modelingandparalleloperationofexchangebiaseddeltaeeffectmagnetometersforsensorarrays AT michaelhoft modelingandparalleloperationofexchangebiaseddeltaeeffectmagnetometersforsensorarrays AT andreasbahr modelingandparalleloperationofexchangebiaseddeltaeeffectmagnetometersforsensorarrays AT robertrieger modelingandparalleloperationofexchangebiaseddeltaeeffectmagnetometersforsensorarrays AT franzfaupel modelingandparalleloperationofexchangebiaseddeltaeeffectmagnetometersforsensorarrays
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Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

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