Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study

ABSTRACT To design immune interventions that can synergize with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the rate of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), it is essential to characterize maternal immune responses in the setting of ART during pregnancy and breastfeeding and define their effect on MT...

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Autores principales:	Eliza D. Hompe, Denise L. Jacobson, Joshua A. Eudailey, Kevin Butler, Whitney Edwards, Justin Pollara, Sean S. Brummel, Genevieve G. Fouda, Lameck Chinula, Melvin Kamanga, Aarti Kinikar, Dhayendre Moodley, Maxensia Owor, Mary Glenn Fowler, Sallie R. Permar
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	ADCC HIV-1 antibodies antiretroviral therapy breast milk postnatal transmission Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f3118fd17291486192284b83c44373a0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f3118fd17291486192284b83c44373a02021-11-15T15:27:32ZMaternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study10.1128/mSphere.00716-192379-5042https://doaj.org/article/f3118fd17291486192284b83c44373a02019-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00716-19https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT To design immune interventions that can synergize with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the rate of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), it is essential to characterize maternal immune responses in the setting of ART during pregnancy and breastfeeding and define their effect on MTCT. Prior studies reported an association between breast milk envelope (Env)-specific antibodies and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity with reduced postnatal transmission. In this study, we investigated whether these immune correlates were similarly associated with protection in a matched case-control study of mother-infant pairs receiving maternal ART or infant nevirapine prophylaxis during breastfeeding in the International Maternal-Pediatric-Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network Promoting Maternal-Infant Survival Everywhere (PROMISE) trial, assessing postnatal transmission risk in 19 transmitting and 57 nontransmitting mothers using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for maternal plasma viral load. The odds ratios of postnatal MTCT for a 1-unit increase in an immune correlate were 3.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56, 23.14) for breast milk Env-specific secretory IgA (sIgA), 2.32 (95% CI, 0.43, 12.56) for breast milk and 2.16 (95% CI, 0.51, 9.14) for plasma Env-specific IgA, and 4.57 (95% CI, 0.68, 30.48) for breast milk and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.25, 3.67) for plasma ADCC activity, with all CIs spanning 1.0. Interestingly, although mucosal IgA responses are poor in untreated HIV-infected women, there was a strong correlation between the magnitudes of breast milk and plasma Env-specific IgA in this cohort. In this analysis of the small number of postnatal virus transmissions in the landmark PROMISE study, no single antibody response was associated with breast milk transmission risk. IMPORTANCE Each year, >150,000 infants become newly infected with HIV-1 through MTCT despite ART, with up to 42% of infections occurring during breastfeeding. Several factors contribute to continued pediatric infections, including ART nonadherence, the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains, acute infection during breastfeeding, and poor access to ART in resource-limited areas. A better understanding of the maternal humoral immune responses that provide protection against postnatal transmission in the setting of ART is critical to guide the design of maternal vaccine strategies to further eliminate postnatal HIV transmission. In this study, we found that in women treated with antiretrovirals during pregnancy, there was a positive correlation between plasma viral load and breast milk and plasma IgA responses; however, conclusions regarding odds of MTCT risk were limited by the small sample size. These findings will inform future studies to investigate maternal immune interventions that can synergize with ART to eliminate MTCT during breastfeeding.Eliza D. HompeDenise L. JacobsonJoshua A. EudaileyKevin ButlerWhitney EdwardsJustin PollaraSean S. BrummelGenevieve G. FoudaLameck ChinulaMelvin KamangaAarti KinikarDhayendre MoodleyMaxensia OworMary Glenn FowlerSallie R. PermarAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleADCCHIV-1antibodiesantiretroviral therapybreast milkpostnatal transmissionMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 4, Iss 5 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ADCC HIV-1 antibodies antiretroviral therapy breast milk postnatal transmission Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	ADCC HIV-1 antibodies antiretroviral therapy breast milk postnatal transmission Microbiology QR1-502 Eliza D. Hompe Denise L. Jacobson Joshua A. Eudailey Kevin Butler Whitney Edwards Justin Pollara Sean S. Brummel Genevieve G. Fouda Lameck Chinula Melvin Kamanga Aarti Kinikar Dhayendre Moodley Maxensia Owor Mary Glenn Fowler Sallie R. Permar Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study
description	ABSTRACT To design immune interventions that can synergize with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the rate of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), it is essential to characterize maternal immune responses in the setting of ART during pregnancy and breastfeeding and define their effect on MTCT. Prior studies reported an association between breast milk envelope (Env)-specific antibodies and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity with reduced postnatal transmission. In this study, we investigated whether these immune correlates were similarly associated with protection in a matched case-control study of mother-infant pairs receiving maternal ART or infant nevirapine prophylaxis during breastfeeding in the International Maternal-Pediatric-Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network Promoting Maternal-Infant Survival Everywhere (PROMISE) trial, assessing postnatal transmission risk in 19 transmitting and 57 nontransmitting mothers using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for maternal plasma viral load. The odds ratios of postnatal MTCT for a 1-unit increase in an immune correlate were 3.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56, 23.14) for breast milk Env-specific secretory IgA (sIgA), 2.32 (95% CI, 0.43, 12.56) for breast milk and 2.16 (95% CI, 0.51, 9.14) for plasma Env-specific IgA, and 4.57 (95% CI, 0.68, 30.48) for breast milk and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.25, 3.67) for plasma ADCC activity, with all CIs spanning 1.0. Interestingly, although mucosal IgA responses are poor in untreated HIV-infected women, there was a strong correlation between the magnitudes of breast milk and plasma Env-specific IgA in this cohort. In this analysis of the small number of postnatal virus transmissions in the landmark PROMISE study, no single antibody response was associated with breast milk transmission risk. IMPORTANCE Each year, >150,000 infants become newly infected with HIV-1 through MTCT despite ART, with up to 42% of infections occurring during breastfeeding. Several factors contribute to continued pediatric infections, including ART nonadherence, the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains, acute infection during breastfeeding, and poor access to ART in resource-limited areas. A better understanding of the maternal humoral immune responses that provide protection against postnatal transmission in the setting of ART is critical to guide the design of maternal vaccine strategies to further eliminate postnatal HIV transmission. In this study, we found that in women treated with antiretrovirals during pregnancy, there was a positive correlation between plasma viral load and breast milk and plasma IgA responses; however, conclusions regarding odds of MTCT risk were limited by the small sample size. These findings will inform future studies to investigate maternal immune interventions that can synergize with ART to eliminate MTCT during breastfeeding.
format	article
author	Eliza D. Hompe Denise L. Jacobson Joshua A. Eudailey Kevin Butler Whitney Edwards Justin Pollara Sean S. Brummel Genevieve G. Fouda Lameck Chinula Melvin Kamanga Aarti Kinikar Dhayendre Moodley Maxensia Owor Mary Glenn Fowler Sallie R. Permar
author_facet	Eliza D. Hompe Denise L. Jacobson Joshua A. Eudailey Kevin Butler Whitney Edwards Justin Pollara Sean S. Brummel Genevieve G. Fouda Lameck Chinula Melvin Kamanga Aarti Kinikar Dhayendre Moodley Maxensia Owor Mary Glenn Fowler Sallie R. Permar
author_sort	Eliza D. Hompe
title	Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study
title_short	Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study
title_full	Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study
title_fullStr	Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study
title_full_unstemmed	Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study
title_sort	maternal humoral immune responses do not predict postnatal hiv-1 transmission risk in antiretroviral-treated mothers from the impaact promise study
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/f3118fd17291486192284b83c44373a0
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Maternal Humoral Immune Responses Do Not Predict Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Antiretroviral-Treated Mothers from the IMPAACT PROMISE Study

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