Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water

The occurrence of residual antifungal agents through indiscriminate prophylactic use and inappropriate disposal has been reported in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), surface water, and groundwater environments. Opportunistic pathogenic aquatic yeasts develop resistance to commonly used antifunga...

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Autores principales:	Mzimkhulu E. Monapathi, Joseph C. Oguegbulu, Lilian Adogo, Michael Klink, Bamidele Okoli, Fanyana Mtunzi, Johannes S. Modise
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Hindawi Limited 2021
Materias:	Agriculture (General) S1-972 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f373fafba38040cea44c4db2a3bdf8b5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f373fafba38040cea44c4db2a3bdf8b52021-11-15T01:20:08ZPharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water1687-767510.1155/2021/9985398https://doaj.org/article/f373fafba38040cea44c4db2a3bdf8b52021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9985398https://doaj.org/toc/1687-7675The occurrence of residual antifungal agents through indiscriminate prophylactic use and inappropriate disposal has been reported in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), surface water, and groundwater environments. Opportunistic pathogenic aquatic yeasts develop resistance to commonly used antifungal agents through continued exposure to residual antifungal agents in environmental waters. This poses a major public health concern. The present review attempts to provide a brief description of antifungal drugs, with a focus on the most widely used class of antifungal drugs, the azoles, as emerging contaminants in environmental water. Routes of exposure of azole antifungal drugs in wastewater treatment plants, surface water, and groundwater are discussed. The presence of pathogenic yeasts in environmental water, the associated azole resistance, and the risk of exposure to humans and microbiota are highlighted. Management actions needed to curtail the spread and minimise the risks are also indicated. Further research on the occurrence of antifungal agents in wastewater and environmental water is vital to better understand and mitigate the associated health-related risks.Mzimkhulu E. MonapathiJoseph C. OguegbuluLilian AdogoMichael KlinkBamidele OkoliFanyana MtunziJohannes S. ModiseHindawi LimitedarticleAgriculture (General)S1-972Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENApplied and Environmental Soil Science, Vol 2021 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Agriculture (General) S1-972 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	Agriculture (General) S1-972 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Mzimkhulu E. Monapathi Joseph C. Oguegbulu Lilian Adogo Michael Klink Bamidele Okoli Fanyana Mtunzi Johannes S. Modise Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water
description	The occurrence of residual antifungal agents through indiscriminate prophylactic use and inappropriate disposal has been reported in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), surface water, and groundwater environments. Opportunistic pathogenic aquatic yeasts develop resistance to commonly used antifungal agents through continued exposure to residual antifungal agents in environmental waters. This poses a major public health concern. The present review attempts to provide a brief description of antifungal drugs, with a focus on the most widely used class of antifungal drugs, the azoles, as emerging contaminants in environmental water. Routes of exposure of azole antifungal drugs in wastewater treatment plants, surface water, and groundwater are discussed. The presence of pathogenic yeasts in environmental water, the associated azole resistance, and the risk of exposure to humans and microbiota are highlighted. Management actions needed to curtail the spread and minimise the risks are also indicated. Further research on the occurrence of antifungal agents in wastewater and environmental water is vital to better understand and mitigate the associated health-related risks.
format	article
author	Mzimkhulu E. Monapathi Joseph C. Oguegbulu Lilian Adogo Michael Klink Bamidele Okoli Fanyana Mtunzi Johannes S. Modise
author_facet	Mzimkhulu E. Monapathi Joseph C. Oguegbulu Lilian Adogo Michael Klink Bamidele Okoli Fanyana Mtunzi Johannes S. Modise
author_sort	Mzimkhulu E. Monapathi
title	Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water
title_short	Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water
title_full	Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water
title_fullStr	Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water
title_full_unstemmed	Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water
title_sort	pharmaceutical pollution: azole antifungal drugs and resistance of opportunistic pathogenic yeasts in wastewater and environmental water
publisher	Hindawi Limited
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f373fafba38040cea44c4db2a3bdf8b5
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Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water

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