Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.

Monkeys can learn the symbolic meaning of tokens, and exchange them to get a reward. Monkeys can also learn the symbolic value of a token by observing conspecifics but it is not clear if they can learn passively by observing other actors, e.g., humans. To answer this question, we tested two monkeys...

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Autores principales:	Sara Bevacqua, Erika Cerasti, Rossella Falcone, Milena Cervelloni, Emiliano Brunamonti, Stefano Ferraina, Aldo Genovesio
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f3773b5ad4834714b32c82e28c40cd7b
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:f3773b5ad4834714b32c82e28c40cd7b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f3773b5ad4834714b32c82e28c40cd7b2021-11-18T07:51:43ZMacaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0059961https://doaj.org/article/f3773b5ad4834714b32c82e28c40cd7b2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23544115/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Monkeys can learn the symbolic meaning of tokens, and exchange them to get a reward. Monkeys can also learn the symbolic value of a token by observing conspecifics but it is not clear if they can learn passively by observing other actors, e.g., humans. To answer this question, we tested two monkeys in a token exchange paradigm in three experiments. Monkeys learned token values through observation of human models exchanging them. We used, after a phase of object familiarization, different sets of tokens. One token of each set was rewarded with a bit of apple. Other tokens had zero value (neutral tokens). Each token was presented only in one set. During the observation phase, monkeys watched the human model exchange tokens and watched them consume rewards (vicarious rewards). In the test phase, the monkeys were asked to exchange one of the tokens for food reward. Sets of three tokens were used in the first experiment and sets of two tokens were used in the second and third experiments. The valuable token was presented with different probabilities in the observation phase during the first and second experiments in which the monkeys exchanged the valuable token more frequently than any of the neutral tokens. The third experiments examined the effect of unequal probabilities. Our results support the view that monkeys can learn from non-conspecific actors through vicarious reward, even a symbolic task like the token-exchange task.Sara BevacquaErika CerastiRossella FalconeMilena CervelloniEmiliano BrunamontiStefano FerrainaAldo GenovesioPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 3, p e59961 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Sara Bevacqua Erika Cerasti Rossella Falcone Milena Cervelloni Emiliano Brunamonti Stefano Ferraina Aldo Genovesio Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.
description	Monkeys can learn the symbolic meaning of tokens, and exchange them to get a reward. Monkeys can also learn the symbolic value of a token by observing conspecifics but it is not clear if they can learn passively by observing other actors, e.g., humans. To answer this question, we tested two monkeys in a token exchange paradigm in three experiments. Monkeys learned token values through observation of human models exchanging them. We used, after a phase of object familiarization, different sets of tokens. One token of each set was rewarded with a bit of apple. Other tokens had zero value (neutral tokens). Each token was presented only in one set. During the observation phase, monkeys watched the human model exchange tokens and watched them consume rewards (vicarious rewards). In the test phase, the monkeys were asked to exchange one of the tokens for food reward. Sets of three tokens were used in the first experiment and sets of two tokens were used in the second and third experiments. The valuable token was presented with different probabilities in the observation phase during the first and second experiments in which the monkeys exchanged the valuable token more frequently than any of the neutral tokens. The third experiments examined the effect of unequal probabilities. Our results support the view that monkeys can learn from non-conspecific actors through vicarious reward, even a symbolic task like the token-exchange task.
format	article
author	Sara Bevacqua Erika Cerasti Rossella Falcone Milena Cervelloni Emiliano Brunamonti Stefano Ferraina Aldo Genovesio
author_facet	Sara Bevacqua Erika Cerasti Rossella Falcone Milena Cervelloni Emiliano Brunamonti Stefano Ferraina Aldo Genovesio
author_sort	Sara Bevacqua
title	Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.
title_short	Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.
title_full	Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.
title_fullStr	Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.
title_full_unstemmed	Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.
title_sort	macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/f3773b5ad4834714b32c82e28c40cd7b
work_keys_str_mv	AT sarabevacqua macaquemonkeyscanlearntokenvaluesfromhumanmodelsthroughvicariousreward AT erikacerasti macaquemonkeyscanlearntokenvaluesfromhumanmodelsthroughvicariousreward AT rossellafalcone macaquemonkeyscanlearntokenvaluesfromhumanmodelsthroughvicariousreward AT milenacervelloni macaquemonkeyscanlearntokenvaluesfromhumanmodelsthroughvicariousreward AT emilianobrunamonti macaquemonkeyscanlearntokenvaluesfromhumanmodelsthroughvicariousreward AT stefanoferraina macaquemonkeyscanlearntokenvaluesfromhumanmodelsthroughvicariousreward AT aldogenovesio macaquemonkeyscanlearntokenvaluesfromhumanmodelsthroughvicariousreward
_version_	1718422888033288192

Macaque monkeys can learn token values from human models through vicarious reward.

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