Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure

Introduction: Rabies is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases known by human beings and is commonly transmitted by animal bites. Dogs have a major role in the transmission of the virus. Rabies has no approved curative therapy, and its prevention, even though it is highly effective, it...

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Autores principales:	Paulo Conceição, Cândida Abreu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN PT
Publicado:	Ordem dos Médicos 2021
Materias:	imunoglobulina raiva/imunologia raiva/prevenção e controlo raiva/tratamento vacinas antirrábicas Medicine R Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f38a690f6f954b1096a12a1e8035c217
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f38a690f6f954b1096a12a1e8035c2172021-12-01T21:03:58ZHuman Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure0870-399X1646-075810.20344/amp.10657https://doaj.org/article/f38a690f6f954b1096a12a1e8035c2172021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/10657https://doaj.org/toc/0870-399Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1646-0758Introduction: Rabies is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases known by human beings and is commonly transmitted by animal bites. Dogs have a major role in the transmission of the virus. Rabies has no approved curative therapy, and its prevention, even though it is highly effective, it is complex, expensive and challenging in terms of accessibility, particularly regarding immunoglobulin. This review aims to provide a practical approach to cost-effective prevention as well as the future perspectives regarding the development of an effective and secure cure. Material and Methods: This review article was based on a search in PubMed using the following MeSH terms: rabies, preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis, rabies immune globulin, treatment, Milwaukee Protocol. Results: Concerning rabies infection, it’s important to apply the prevention protocols effectively as early as possible due the unpredictable time window between infection and the appearance of symptoms. The literature shows that is possible to reduce the vaccination dosage and maintain the efficiency of the immunization, and booster vaccination is only required in specific risk groups/populations. Discussion: The current philosophy of cost-effective prevention which consists of canine vaccination, restriction of vaccine overdosage used in humans and the appropriate use of rabies immunoglobulin – could make the prevention of the disease accessible for those countries that need it the most. There are several therapies in development but they’re all in early stages of development. Conclusion: The development of new and more effective therapeutic and prophylactic approaches is a goal not yet achieved and relies on a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology.Paulo ConceiçãoCândida AbreuOrdem dos Médicosarticleimunoglobulinaraiva/imunologiaraiva/prevenção e controloraiva/tratamentovacinas antirrábicasMedicineRMedicine (General)R5-920ENPTActa Médica Portuguesa, Vol 34, Iss 11, Pp 767-773 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN PT
topic	imunoglobulina raiva/imunologia raiva/prevenção e controlo raiva/tratamento vacinas antirrábicas Medicine R Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	imunoglobulina raiva/imunologia raiva/prevenção e controlo raiva/tratamento vacinas antirrábicas Medicine R Medicine (General) R5-920 Paulo Conceição Cândida Abreu Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure
description	Introduction: Rabies is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases known by human beings and is commonly transmitted by animal bites. Dogs have a major role in the transmission of the virus. Rabies has no approved curative therapy, and its prevention, even though it is highly effective, it is complex, expensive and challenging in terms of accessibility, particularly regarding immunoglobulin. This review aims to provide a practical approach to cost-effective prevention as well as the future perspectives regarding the development of an effective and secure cure. Material and Methods: This review article was based on a search in PubMed using the following MeSH terms: rabies, preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis, rabies immune globulin, treatment, Milwaukee Protocol. Results: Concerning rabies infection, it’s important to apply the prevention protocols effectively as early as possible due the unpredictable time window between infection and the appearance of symptoms. The literature shows that is possible to reduce the vaccination dosage and maintain the efficiency of the immunization, and booster vaccination is only required in specific risk groups/populations. Discussion: The current philosophy of cost-effective prevention which consists of canine vaccination, restriction of vaccine overdosage used in humans and the appropriate use of rabies immunoglobulin – could make the prevention of the disease accessible for those countries that need it the most. There are several therapies in development but they’re all in early stages of development. Conclusion: The development of new and more effective therapeutic and prophylactic approaches is a goal not yet achieved and relies on a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology.
format	article
author	Paulo Conceição Cândida Abreu
author_facet	Paulo Conceição Cândida Abreu
author_sort	Paulo Conceição
title	Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure
title_short	Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure
title_full	Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure
title_fullStr	Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure
title_full_unstemmed	Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure
title_sort	human rabies: optimization of prevention and paths towards the cure
publisher	Ordem dos Médicos
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f38a690f6f954b1096a12a1e8035c217
work_keys_str_mv	AT pauloconceicao humanrabiesoptimizationofpreventionandpathstowardsthecure AT candidaabreu humanrabiesoptimizationofpreventionandpathstowardsthecure
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Human Rabies: Optimization of Prevention and Paths Towards the Cure

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