Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.

The evolutionary history of Eucalyptus and the eucalypts, the larger clade of seven genera including Eucalyptus that today have a natural distribution almost exclusively in Australasia, is poorly documented from the fossil record. Little physical evidence exists bearing on the ancient geographical d...

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Autores principales:	María A Gandolfo, Elizabeth J Hermsen, María C Zamaloa, Kevin C Nixon, Cynthia C González, Peter Wilf, N Rubén Cúneo, Kirk R Johnson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f39796d5d5ac4287948fa38e48a46c2b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f39796d5d5ac4287948fa38e48a46c2b2021-11-18T06:51:08ZOldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0021084https://doaj.org/article/f39796d5d5ac4287948fa38e48a46c2b2011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21738605/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The evolutionary history of Eucalyptus and the eucalypts, the larger clade of seven genera including Eucalyptus that today have a natural distribution almost exclusively in Australasia, is poorly documented from the fossil record. Little physical evidence exists bearing on the ancient geographical distributions or morphologies of plants within the clade. Herein, we introduce fossil material of Eucalyptus from the early Eocene (ca. 51.9 Ma) Laguna del Hunco paleoflora of Chubut Province, Argentina; specimens include multiple leaves, infructescences, and dispersed capsules, several flower buds, and a single flower. Morphological similarities that relate the fossils to extant eucalypts include leaf shape, venation, and epidermal oil glands; infructescence structure; valvate capsulate fruits; and operculate flower buds. The presence of a staminophore scar on the fruits links them to Eucalyptus, and the presence of a transverse scar on the flower buds indicates a relationship to Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological data alone and combined with aligned sequence data from a prior study including 16 extant eucalypts, one outgroup, and a terminal representing the fossils indicate that the fossils are nested within Eucalyptus. These are the only illustrated Eucalyptus fossils that are definitively Eocene in age, and the only conclusively identified extant or fossil eucalypts naturally occurring outside of Australasia and adjacent Mindanao. Thus, these fossils indicate that the evolution of the eucalypt group is not constrained to a single region. Moreover, they strengthen the taxonomic connections between the Laguna del Hunco paleoflora and extant subtropical and tropical Australasia, one of the three major ecologic-geographic elements of the Laguna del Hunco paleoflora. The age and affinities of the fossils also indicate that Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus is older than previously supposed. Paleoecological data indicate that the Patagonian Eucalyptus dominated volcanically disturbed areas adjacent to standing rainforest surrounding an Eocene caldera lake.María A GandolfoElizabeth J HermsenMaría C ZamaloaKevin C NixonCynthia C GonzálezPeter WilfN Rubén CúneoKirk R JohnsonPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 6, p e21084 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q María A Gandolfo Elizabeth J Hermsen María C Zamaloa Kevin C Nixon Cynthia C González Peter Wilf N Rubén Cúneo Kirk R Johnson Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.
description	The evolutionary history of Eucalyptus and the eucalypts, the larger clade of seven genera including Eucalyptus that today have a natural distribution almost exclusively in Australasia, is poorly documented from the fossil record. Little physical evidence exists bearing on the ancient geographical distributions or morphologies of plants within the clade. Herein, we introduce fossil material of Eucalyptus from the early Eocene (ca. 51.9 Ma) Laguna del Hunco paleoflora of Chubut Province, Argentina; specimens include multiple leaves, infructescences, and dispersed capsules, several flower buds, and a single flower. Morphological similarities that relate the fossils to extant eucalypts include leaf shape, venation, and epidermal oil glands; infructescence structure; valvate capsulate fruits; and operculate flower buds. The presence of a staminophore scar on the fruits links them to Eucalyptus, and the presence of a transverse scar on the flower buds indicates a relationship to Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological data alone and combined with aligned sequence data from a prior study including 16 extant eucalypts, one outgroup, and a terminal representing the fossils indicate that the fossils are nested within Eucalyptus. These are the only illustrated Eucalyptus fossils that are definitively Eocene in age, and the only conclusively identified extant or fossil eucalypts naturally occurring outside of Australasia and adjacent Mindanao. Thus, these fossils indicate that the evolution of the eucalypt group is not constrained to a single region. Moreover, they strengthen the taxonomic connections between the Laguna del Hunco paleoflora and extant subtropical and tropical Australasia, one of the three major ecologic-geographic elements of the Laguna del Hunco paleoflora. The age and affinities of the fossils also indicate that Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus is older than previously supposed. Paleoecological data indicate that the Patagonian Eucalyptus dominated volcanically disturbed areas adjacent to standing rainforest surrounding an Eocene caldera lake.
format	article
author	María A Gandolfo Elizabeth J Hermsen María C Zamaloa Kevin C Nixon Cynthia C González Peter Wilf N Rubén Cúneo Kirk R Johnson
author_facet	María A Gandolfo Elizabeth J Hermsen María C Zamaloa Kevin C Nixon Cynthia C González Peter Wilf N Rubén Cúneo Kirk R Johnson
author_sort	María A Gandolfo
title	Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.
title_short	Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.
title_full	Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.
title_fullStr	Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.
title_full_unstemmed	Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.
title_sort	oldest known eucalyptus macrofossils are from south america.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/f39796d5d5ac4287948fa38e48a46c2b
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Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America.

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