High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the...

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Autores principales:	Ida Judyta Malesza, Michał Malesza, Jarosław Walkowiak, Nadiar Mussin, Dariusz Walkowiak, Raisa Aringazina, Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, Edyta Mądry
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	postprandial inflammation endotoxemia TLR4 NF-κB dysbiosis leaky gut Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f3dc443390cf4dccb0a70caedffcd2dc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f3dc443390cf4dccb0a70caedffcd2dc2021-11-25T17:12:11ZHigh-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review10.3390/cells101131642073-4409https://doaj.org/article/f3dc443390cf4dccb0a70caedffcd2dc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3164https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the gut immune system. The Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy diet with high consumption of fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, and a prolonged postprandial state. The term WD is commonly known and intuitively understood. However, the strict digital expression of nutrient ratios is not precisely defined. Based on the US data for 1908–1989, the calory intake available from fats increased from 32% to 45%. Besides the metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system overstimulation, and oxidative stress), the consequences of excessive fat consumption (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, increased intestinal permeability, and leakage of toxic bacterial metabolites into the circulation. These can strongly contribute to the development of low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes.Ida Judyta MaleszaMichał MaleszaJarosław WalkowiakNadiar MussinDariusz WalkowiakRaisa AringazinaJoanna Bartkowiak-WieczorekEdyta MądryMDPI AGarticlepostprandial inflammationendotoxemiaTLR4NF-κBdysbiosisleaky gutBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3164, p 3164 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	postprandial inflammation endotoxemia TLR4 NF-κB dysbiosis leaky gut Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	postprandial inflammation endotoxemia TLR4 NF-κB dysbiosis leaky gut Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ida Judyta Malesza Michał Malesza Jarosław Walkowiak Nadiar Mussin Dariusz Walkowiak Raisa Aringazina Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek Edyta Mądry High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
description	The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the gut immune system. The Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy diet with high consumption of fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, and a prolonged postprandial state. The term WD is commonly known and intuitively understood. However, the strict digital expression of nutrient ratios is not precisely defined. Based on the US data for 1908–1989, the calory intake available from fats increased from 32% to 45%. Besides the metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system overstimulation, and oxidative stress), the consequences of excessive fat consumption (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, increased intestinal permeability, and leakage of toxic bacterial metabolites into the circulation. These can strongly contribute to the development of low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes.
format	article
author	Ida Judyta Malesza Michał Malesza Jarosław Walkowiak Nadiar Mussin Dariusz Walkowiak Raisa Aringazina Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek Edyta Mądry
author_facet	Ida Judyta Malesza Michał Malesza Jarosław Walkowiak Nadiar Mussin Dariusz Walkowiak Raisa Aringazina Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek Edyta Mądry
author_sort	Ida Judyta Malesza
title	High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
title_short	High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
title_full	High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
title_fullStr	High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
title_full_unstemmed	High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
title_sort	high-fat, western-style diet, systemic inflammation, and gut microbiota: a narrative review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f3dc443390cf4dccb0a70caedffcd2dc
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High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

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