Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces

Abstract The space around the body crucially serves a variety of functions, first and foremost, preserving one’s own safety and avoiding injury. Recent research has shown that emotional information, in particular threatening facial expressions, affects the regulation of peripersonal-reaching space (...

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Autores principales:	G. Ruggiero, M. Rapuano, A. Cartaud, Y. Coello, T. Iachini
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f3e64f060b14457fa192c872ed5d21bd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f3e64f060b14457fa192c872ed5d21bd2021-12-02T13:19:30ZDefensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces10.1038/s41598-021-83988-22045-2322https://doaj.org/article/f3e64f060b14457fa192c872ed5d21bd2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83988-2https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The space around the body crucially serves a variety of functions, first and foremost, preserving one’s own safety and avoiding injury. Recent research has shown that emotional information, in particular threatening facial expressions, affects the regulation of peripersonal-reaching space (PPS, for action with objects) and interpersonal-comfort space (IPS, for social interaction). Here we explored if emotional facial expressions may similarly or differently affect both spaces in terms of psychophysiological reactions (cardiac inter-beat intervals: IBIs, i.e. inverse of heart rate; Skin Conductance Response amplitude: SCR amplitude) and spatial distance. Through Immersive Virtual Reality technology, participants determined reaching-distance (PPS) and comfort-distance (IPS) from virtual confederates exhibiting happy/angry/neutral facial expressions while being approached by them. During these interactions, spatial distance and psychophysiological reactions were recorded. Results revealed that when interacting with angry virtual confederates the distance increased similarly in both comfort-social and reaching-action spaces. Moreover, interacting with virtual confederates exhibiting angry rather than happy or neutral expressions provoked similar psychophysiological activations (SCR amplitude, IBIs) in both spaces. Regression analyses showed that psychophysiological activations, particularly SCR amplitude in response to virtual confederates approaching with angry expressions, were able to predict the increase of PPS and IPS. These findings suggest that self-protection functions could be the expression of a common defensive mechanism shared by social and action spaces.G. RuggieroM. RapuanoA. CartaudY. CoelloT. IachiniNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q G. Ruggiero M. Rapuano A. Cartaud Y. Coello T. Iachini Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces
description	Abstract The space around the body crucially serves a variety of functions, first and foremost, preserving one’s own safety and avoiding injury. Recent research has shown that emotional information, in particular threatening facial expressions, affects the regulation of peripersonal-reaching space (PPS, for action with objects) and interpersonal-comfort space (IPS, for social interaction). Here we explored if emotional facial expressions may similarly or differently affect both spaces in terms of psychophysiological reactions (cardiac inter-beat intervals: IBIs, i.e. inverse of heart rate; Skin Conductance Response amplitude: SCR amplitude) and spatial distance. Through Immersive Virtual Reality technology, participants determined reaching-distance (PPS) and comfort-distance (IPS) from virtual confederates exhibiting happy/angry/neutral facial expressions while being approached by them. During these interactions, spatial distance and psychophysiological reactions were recorded. Results revealed that when interacting with angry virtual confederates the distance increased similarly in both comfort-social and reaching-action spaces. Moreover, interacting with virtual confederates exhibiting angry rather than happy or neutral expressions provoked similar psychophysiological activations (SCR amplitude, IBIs) in both spaces. Regression analyses showed that psychophysiological activations, particularly SCR amplitude in response to virtual confederates approaching with angry expressions, were able to predict the increase of PPS and IPS. These findings suggest that self-protection functions could be the expression of a common defensive mechanism shared by social and action spaces.
format	article
author	G. Ruggiero M. Rapuano A. Cartaud Y. Coello T. Iachini
author_facet	G. Ruggiero M. Rapuano A. Cartaud Y. Coello T. Iachini
author_sort	G. Ruggiero
title	Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces
title_short	Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces
title_full	Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces
title_fullStr	Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces
title_full_unstemmed	Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces
title_sort	defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f3e64f060b14457fa192c872ed5d21bd
work_keys_str_mv	AT gruggiero defensivefunctionsprovokesimilarpsychophysiologicalreactionsinreachingandcomfortspaces AT mrapuano defensivefunctionsprovokesimilarpsychophysiologicalreactionsinreachingandcomfortspaces AT acartaud defensivefunctionsprovokesimilarpsychophysiologicalreactionsinreachingandcomfortspaces AT ycoello defensivefunctionsprovokesimilarpsychophysiologicalreactionsinreachingandcomfortspaces AT tiachini defensivefunctionsprovokesimilarpsychophysiologicalreactionsinreachingandcomfortspaces
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Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces

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