Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation

The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta infects Zizania latifolia and induces stem expansion to form a unique vegetable named Jiaobai. Although previous studies have demonstrated that hormonal control is essential for triggering stem swelling, the role of hormones sy...

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Autores principales:	Zhi-Ping Zhang, Si-Xiao Song, Yan-Cheng Liu, Xin-Rui Zhu, Yi-Feng Jiang, Ling-Tong Shi, Jie-Zeng Jiang, Min-Min Miao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Zizania latifolia</i> <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> stem-gall formation transcriptome auxin <i>YUCCA</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f46c3208c8134f9e8273999cced71860
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f46c3208c8134f9e8273999cced718602021-11-25T17:54:48ZMixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation10.3390/ijms2222122581422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/f46c3208c8134f9e8273999cced718602021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12258https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067The smut fungus <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> infects <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and induces stem expansion to form a unique vegetable named Jiaobai. Although previous studies have demonstrated that hormonal control is essential for triggering stem swelling, the role of hormones synthesized by <i>Z. latifolia</i> and <i>U. esculenta</i> and the underlying molecular mechanism are not yet clear. To study the mechanism that triggers swollen stem formation, we analyzed the gene expression pattern of both interacting organisms during the initial trigger of culm gall formation, at which time the infective hyphae also propagated extensively and penetrated host stem cells. Transcriptional analysis indicated that abundant genes involving fungal pathogenicity and plant resistance were reprogrammed to maintain the subtle balance between the parasite and host. In addition, the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis of <i>U. esculenta</i> obviously decreased during stem swelling, while a large number of genes related to the synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction of hormones of the host plant were stimulated and showed specific expression patterns, particularly, the expression of <i>ZlYUCCA9</i> (a flavin monooxygenase, the key enzyme in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis pathway) increased significantly. Simultaneously, the content of IAA increased significantly, while the contents of cytokinin and gibberellin showed the opposite trend. We speculated that auxin produced by the host plant, rather than the fungus, triggers stem swelling. Furthermore, from the differently expressed genes, two candidate Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger proteins, GME3058_g and GME5963_g, were identified from <i>U. esculenta</i>, which may conduct fungus growth and infection at the initial stage of stem-gall formation.Zhi-Ping ZhangSi-Xiao SongYan-Cheng LiuXin-Rui ZhuYi-Feng JiangLing-Tong ShiJie-Zeng JiangMin-Min MiaoMDPI AGarticle<i>Zizania latifolia</i><i>Ustilago esculenta</i>stem-gall formationtranscriptomeauxin<i>YUCCA</i>Biology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12258, p 12258 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Zizania latifolia</i> <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> stem-gall formation transcriptome auxin <i>YUCCA</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	<i>Zizania latifolia</i> <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> stem-gall formation transcriptome auxin <i>YUCCA</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Zhi-Ping Zhang Si-Xiao Song Yan-Cheng Liu Xin-Rui Zhu Yi-Feng Jiang Ling-Tong Shi Jie-Zeng Jiang Min-Min Miao Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation
description	The smut fungus <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> infects <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and induces stem expansion to form a unique vegetable named Jiaobai. Although previous studies have demonstrated that hormonal control is essential for triggering stem swelling, the role of hormones synthesized by <i>Z. latifolia</i> and <i>U. esculenta</i> and the underlying molecular mechanism are not yet clear. To study the mechanism that triggers swollen stem formation, we analyzed the gene expression pattern of both interacting organisms during the initial trigger of culm gall formation, at which time the infective hyphae also propagated extensively and penetrated host stem cells. Transcriptional analysis indicated that abundant genes involving fungal pathogenicity and plant resistance were reprogrammed to maintain the subtle balance between the parasite and host. In addition, the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis of <i>U. esculenta</i> obviously decreased during stem swelling, while a large number of genes related to the synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction of hormones of the host plant were stimulated and showed specific expression patterns, particularly, the expression of <i>ZlYUCCA9</i> (a flavin monooxygenase, the key enzyme in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis pathway) increased significantly. Simultaneously, the content of IAA increased significantly, while the contents of cytokinin and gibberellin showed the opposite trend. We speculated that auxin produced by the host plant, rather than the fungus, triggers stem swelling. Furthermore, from the differently expressed genes, two candidate Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger proteins, GME3058_g and GME5963_g, were identified from <i>U. esculenta</i>, which may conduct fungus growth and infection at the initial stage of stem-gall formation.
format	article
author	Zhi-Ping Zhang Si-Xiao Song Yan-Cheng Liu Xin-Rui Zhu Yi-Feng Jiang Ling-Tong Shi Jie-Zeng Jiang Min-Min Miao
author_facet	Zhi-Ping Zhang Si-Xiao Song Yan-Cheng Liu Xin-Rui Zhu Yi-Feng Jiang Ling-Tong Shi Jie-Zeng Jiang Min-Min Miao
author_sort	Zhi-Ping Zhang
title	Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation
title_short	Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation
title_full	Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation
title_fullStr	Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation
title_full_unstemmed	Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation
title_sort	mixed transcriptome analysis revealed the possible interaction mechanisms between <i>zizania latifolia</i> and <i>ustilago esculenta</i> inducing jiaobai stem-gall formation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f46c3208c8134f9e8273999cced71860
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Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between <i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i> Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation

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