Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)

Background: The coccidian protozoan, Caryospora cheloniae, has been associated with severe enteritis and encephalitis in immature farm-raised green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Cayman Islands, immature green turtles off the coast of Florida, and immature stranded sea turtles in Australia. An effe...

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Autores principales:	Elliott R. Jacobson, Nicole I. Stacy, Douglas R. Mader, Richie Moretti, Bette Zirkelbach, Olivia Carlile, Courtney D. O’Connor, Kaylin J. Caperton, Lara K. Maxwell
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Taylor & Francis Group 2021
Materias:	sea turtle chelonia mydas triazine antiparasitic caryospora coccidia Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f553627056834cc3940dd82590eb6be6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f553627056834cc3940dd82590eb6be62021-11-26T11:19:45ZPharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)0165-21761875-594110.1080/01652176.2021.2008045https://doaj.org/article/f553627056834cc3940dd82590eb6be62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.2008045https://doaj.org/toc/0165-2176https://doaj.org/toc/1875-5941Background: The coccidian protozoan, Caryospora cheloniae, has been associated with severe enteritis and encephalitis in immature farm-raised green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Cayman Islands, immature green turtles off the coast of Florida, and immature stranded sea turtles in Australia. An effective anti-coccidial drug that is both orally absorbed and well-distributed throughout the body is needed for treatment of turtles diagnosed with coccidiosis in rehabilitation facilities. Ponazuril is a triazine antiprotozoal drug that is approved in the USA for the treatment of another Apicomplexan, Sarcocystis neurona, and has also been successfully used in the therapy of other coccidian parasites. Aim: To perform an oral dose-ranging pilot study (10-100 mg/kg of body weight ponazuril) in green turtles (N = 9), followed by oral administration of ponazuril at 100 mg/kg body weight (N = 8) to assess its disposition. Another goal of this study was to optimize the method of oral drug administration to green turtles. Method: Plasma ponazuril concentrations were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were fit to standard compartmental models with first order absorption. Results: Ponazuril was absorbed after oral administration at 100 mg/kg BW, with a maximum plasma concentration of 3.3 µg/ml. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters only weakly correlated with the dose rate, apparently due to considerable pharmacokinetic variability observed between turtles. Administration of ponazuril in gelatin capsules using a balling gun was deemed the least variable and most successful method of drug administration. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ponazuril in sea turtles with coccidiosis.Elliott R. JacobsonNicole I. StacyDouglas R. MaderRichie MorettiBette ZirkelbachOlivia CarlileCourtney D. O’ConnorKaylin J. CapertonLara K. MaxwellTaylor & Francis Grouparticlesea turtlechelonia mydastriazineantiparasiticcaryosporacoccidiaVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENVeterinary Quarterly, Vol 0, Iss 0, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sea turtle chelonia mydas triazine antiparasitic caryospora coccidia Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	sea turtle chelonia mydas triazine antiparasitic caryospora coccidia Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Elliott R. Jacobson Nicole I. Stacy Douglas R. Mader Richie Moretti Bette Zirkelbach Olivia Carlile Courtney D. O’Connor Kaylin J. Caperton Lara K. Maxwell Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)
description	Background: The coccidian protozoan, Caryospora cheloniae, has been associated with severe enteritis and encephalitis in immature farm-raised green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Cayman Islands, immature green turtles off the coast of Florida, and immature stranded sea turtles in Australia. An effective anti-coccidial drug that is both orally absorbed and well-distributed throughout the body is needed for treatment of turtles diagnosed with coccidiosis in rehabilitation facilities. Ponazuril is a triazine antiprotozoal drug that is approved in the USA for the treatment of another Apicomplexan, Sarcocystis neurona, and has also been successfully used in the therapy of other coccidian parasites. Aim: To perform an oral dose-ranging pilot study (10-100 mg/kg of body weight ponazuril) in green turtles (N = 9), followed by oral administration of ponazuril at 100 mg/kg body weight (N = 8) to assess its disposition. Another goal of this study was to optimize the method of oral drug administration to green turtles. Method: Plasma ponazuril concentrations were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were fit to standard compartmental models with first order absorption. Results: Ponazuril was absorbed after oral administration at 100 mg/kg BW, with a maximum plasma concentration of 3.3 µg/ml. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters only weakly correlated with the dose rate, apparently due to considerable pharmacokinetic variability observed between turtles. Administration of ponazuril in gelatin capsules using a balling gun was deemed the least variable and most successful method of drug administration. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ponazuril in sea turtles with coccidiosis.
format	article
author	Elliott R. Jacobson Nicole I. Stacy Douglas R. Mader Richie Moretti Bette Zirkelbach Olivia Carlile Courtney D. O’Connor Kaylin J. Caperton Lara K. Maxwell
author_facet	Elliott R. Jacobson Nicole I. Stacy Douglas R. Mader Richie Moretti Bette Zirkelbach Olivia Carlile Courtney D. O’Connor Kaylin J. Caperton Lara K. Maxwell
author_sort	Elliott R. Jacobson
title	Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)
title_short	Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)
title_full	Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)
title_fullStr	Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)
title_full_unstemmed	Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)
title_sort	pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (chelonia mydas)
publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f553627056834cc3940dd82590eb6be6
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Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas)

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