Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to assess in vivo Achilles tendon (AT) mechanical loading and strain energy during locomotion. We measured AT length considering its curve-path shape. Eleven participants walked at 1.4 m/s and ran at 2.5 m/s and 3.5 m/s on a treadmill. The AT length was...

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Autores principales:	Mohamadreza Kharazi, Sebastian Bohm, Christos Theodorakis, Falk Mersmann, Adamantios Arampatzis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f5ca9c0e7b72419f94c8a9208f810180
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f5ca9c0e7b72419f94c8a9208f8101802021-12-02T11:36:36ZQuantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running10.1038/s41598-021-84847-w2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/f5ca9c0e7b72419f94c8a9208f8101802021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84847-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The purpose of the current study was to assess in vivo Achilles tendon (AT) mechanical loading and strain energy during locomotion. We measured AT length considering its curve-path shape. Eleven participants walked at 1.4 m/s and ran at 2.5 m/s and 3.5 m/s on a treadmill. The AT length was defined as the distance between its origin at the gastrocnemius medialis myotendinous junction (MTJ) and the calcaneal insertion. The MTJ was tracked using ultrasonography and projected to the reconstructed skin surface to account for its misalignment. Skin-to-bone displacements were assessed during a passive rotation (5°/s) of the ankle joint. Force and strain energy of the AT during locomotion were calculated by fitting a quadratic function to the experimentally measured tendon force–length curve obtained from maximum voluntary isometric contractions. The maximum AT strain and force were affected by speed (p < 0.05, ranging from 4.0 to 4.9% strain and 1.989 to 2.556 kN), yet insufficient in magnitude to be considered as an effective stimulus for tendon adaptation. Besides the important tendon energy recoil during the propulsion phase (7.8 to 11.3 J), we found a recoil of elastic strain energy at the beginning of the stance phase of running (70–77 ms after touch down) between 1.7 ± 0.6 and 1.9 ± 1.1 J, which might be functionally relevant for running efficiency.Mohamadreza KharaziSebastian BohmChristos TheodorakisFalk MersmannAdamantios ArampatzisNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Mohamadreza Kharazi Sebastian Bohm Christos Theodorakis Falk Mersmann Adamantios Arampatzis Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running
description	Abstract The purpose of the current study was to assess in vivo Achilles tendon (AT) mechanical loading and strain energy during locomotion. We measured AT length considering its curve-path shape. Eleven participants walked at 1.4 m/s and ran at 2.5 m/s and 3.5 m/s on a treadmill. The AT length was defined as the distance between its origin at the gastrocnemius medialis myotendinous junction (MTJ) and the calcaneal insertion. The MTJ was tracked using ultrasonography and projected to the reconstructed skin surface to account for its misalignment. Skin-to-bone displacements were assessed during a passive rotation (5°/s) of the ankle joint. Force and strain energy of the AT during locomotion were calculated by fitting a quadratic function to the experimentally measured tendon force–length curve obtained from maximum voluntary isometric contractions. The maximum AT strain and force were affected by speed (p < 0.05, ranging from 4.0 to 4.9% strain and 1.989 to 2.556 kN), yet insufficient in magnitude to be considered as an effective stimulus for tendon adaptation. Besides the important tendon energy recoil during the propulsion phase (7.8 to 11.3 J), we found a recoil of elastic strain energy at the beginning of the stance phase of running (70–77 ms after touch down) between 1.7 ± 0.6 and 1.9 ± 1.1 J, which might be functionally relevant for running efficiency.
format	article
author	Mohamadreza Kharazi Sebastian Bohm Christos Theodorakis Falk Mersmann Adamantios Arampatzis
author_facet	Mohamadreza Kharazi Sebastian Bohm Christos Theodorakis Falk Mersmann Adamantios Arampatzis
author_sort	Mohamadreza Kharazi
title	Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running
title_short	Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running
title_full	Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running
title_fullStr	Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running
title_full_unstemmed	Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running
title_sort	quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human achilles tendon during walking and running
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f5ca9c0e7b72419f94c8a9208f810180
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohamadrezakharazi quantifyingmechanicalloadingandelasticstrainenergyofthehumanachillestendonduringwalkingandrunning AT sebastianbohm quantifyingmechanicalloadingandelasticstrainenergyofthehumanachillestendonduringwalkingandrunning AT christostheodorakis quantifyingmechanicalloadingandelasticstrainenergyofthehumanachillestendonduringwalkingandrunning AT falkmersmann quantifyingmechanicalloadingandelasticstrainenergyofthehumanachillestendonduringwalkingandrunning AT adamantiosarampatzis quantifyingmechanicalloadingandelasticstrainenergyofthehumanachillestendonduringwalkingandrunning
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Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running

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