Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes

Background: Diabetes is among the most prevalent non-communicable diseases causing significant morbidity and mortality globally. The aetiology and disease development of diabetes are influenced by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Due to an increasing number of cases each year, it is im...

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Autores principales:	Lawrence D. Frank, Binay Adhikari, Katherine R. White, Trevor Dummer, Jat Sandhu, Ellen Demlow, Yumian Hu, Andy Hong, Matilda Van den Bosch
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2022
Materias:	Walkability Urban health Green space Diabetes Healthy public policy Healthy cities Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f5f417e10bc84d7eb115d9ca243908c9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f5f417e10bc84d7eb115d9ca243908c92021-11-12T04:24:21ZChronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes0160-412010.1016/j.envint.2021.106959https://doaj.org/article/f5f417e10bc84d7eb115d9ca243908c92022-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021005845https://doaj.org/toc/0160-4120Background: Diabetes is among the most prevalent non-communicable diseases causing significant morbidity and mortality globally. The aetiology and disease development of diabetes are influenced by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Due to an increasing number of cases each year, it is imperative to improve the understanding of modifiable environmental risk and protective factors. In this study we aimed to analyse associations between built and natural environment features and diabetes prevalence; and two major risk factors: physical activity and obesity and their mediation effects. Methods: We analysed relationships between walkability and park availability with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes, using self-reported data from a large cross-sectional survey in British Columbia, Canada (n = 22,418). We validated results with an independent cohort (n = 11,972) in a subset of the analyses. The outcome measures included walking, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), body mass index (BMI), and diabetes. Built and natural environment features within a 1 km road network buffer around residential postal code centroids were assessed using validated indicators of walkability and park availability. We used general linear multivariable models (GLM) to examine the direct relationship between environmental features, physical activity, obesity, and diabetes respectively. Path models were developed to analyse mediation effects of physical activity and obesity on the association between environmental indicators and diabetes. The relative contribution of direct versus indirect effects was assessed. All models were adjusted for age, gender, income. ethnicity, years lived in neighbourhood and regional accessibility. Results: Walkable neighbourhoods and areas with greater park availability were associated with lower rates of diabetes. There was a direct association of walkability and park availability on physical activity (highest vs. lowest quintile OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.33 and OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.45 respectively), obesity (highest vs. lowest quintile OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.70 and OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.68 respectively) and diabetes (highest vs. lowest quintile OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.85, and OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.84 respectively). Results were similar in the independent cohort. The associations between diabetes and walkability and park availability respectively were partly mediated by obesity (41% of total association for walkability and 53% of total association for park availability). The mediating effect of physical activity was negligible. Conclusion: Results support investments in walkability through active transportation and transit infrastructure. Changes in zoning and subdivision regulations governing land use actions are required to enable compact mixed-use environments with access to parks and high quality transit service. Future studies including cost-benefit analyses of health-related economic impacts of such investments can contribute to evidence-based decisions for healthier cities.Lawrence D. FrankBinay AdhikariKatherine R. WhiteTrevor DummerJat SandhuEllen DemlowYumian HuAndy HongMatilda Van den BoschElsevierarticleWalkabilityUrban healthGreen spaceDiabetesHealthy public policyHealthy citiesEnvironmental sciencesGE1-350ENEnvironment International, Vol 158, Iss , Pp 106959- (2022)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Walkability Urban health Green space Diabetes Healthy public policy Healthy cities Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	Walkability Urban health Green space Diabetes Healthy public policy Healthy cities Environmental sciences GE1-350 Lawrence D. Frank Binay Adhikari Katherine R. White Trevor Dummer Jat Sandhu Ellen Demlow Yumian Hu Andy Hong Matilda Van den Bosch Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
description	Background: Diabetes is among the most prevalent non-communicable diseases causing significant morbidity and mortality globally. The aetiology and disease development of diabetes are influenced by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Due to an increasing number of cases each year, it is imperative to improve the understanding of modifiable environmental risk and protective factors. In this study we aimed to analyse associations between built and natural environment features and diabetes prevalence; and two major risk factors: physical activity and obesity and their mediation effects. Methods: We analysed relationships between walkability and park availability with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes, using self-reported data from a large cross-sectional survey in British Columbia, Canada (n = 22,418). We validated results with an independent cohort (n = 11,972) in a subset of the analyses. The outcome measures included walking, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), body mass index (BMI), and diabetes. Built and natural environment features within a 1 km road network buffer around residential postal code centroids were assessed using validated indicators of walkability and park availability. We used general linear multivariable models (GLM) to examine the direct relationship between environmental features, physical activity, obesity, and diabetes respectively. Path models were developed to analyse mediation effects of physical activity and obesity on the association between environmental indicators and diabetes. The relative contribution of direct versus indirect effects was assessed. All models were adjusted for age, gender, income. ethnicity, years lived in neighbourhood and regional accessibility. Results: Walkable neighbourhoods and areas with greater park availability were associated with lower rates of diabetes. There was a direct association of walkability and park availability on physical activity (highest vs. lowest quintile OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.33 and OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.45 respectively), obesity (highest vs. lowest quintile OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.70 and OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.68 respectively) and diabetes (highest vs. lowest quintile OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.85, and OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.84 respectively). Results were similar in the independent cohort. The associations between diabetes and walkability and park availability respectively were partly mediated by obesity (41% of total association for walkability and 53% of total association for park availability). The mediating effect of physical activity was negligible. Conclusion: Results support investments in walkability through active transportation and transit infrastructure. Changes in zoning and subdivision regulations governing land use actions are required to enable compact mixed-use environments with access to parks and high quality transit service. Future studies including cost-benefit analyses of health-related economic impacts of such investments can contribute to evidence-based decisions for healthier cities.
format	article
author	Lawrence D. Frank Binay Adhikari Katherine R. White Trevor Dummer Jat Sandhu Ellen Demlow Yumian Hu Andy Hong Matilda Van den Bosch
author_facet	Lawrence D. Frank Binay Adhikari Katherine R. White Trevor Dummer Jat Sandhu Ellen Demlow Yumian Hu Andy Hong Matilda Van den Bosch
author_sort	Lawrence D. Frank
title	Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
title_short	Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
title_full	Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
title_fullStr	Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
title_full_unstemmed	Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
title_sort	chronic disease and where you live: built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2022
url	https://doaj.org/article/f5f417e10bc84d7eb115d9ca243908c9
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Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes

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