On Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models
Remote sensing provides high accuracy/precision for quantifying forest biophysical parameters needed for ecological management. Although the significant impact of bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) on remote sensing of vegetation is well known, current forest metrics derived fro...
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2020
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oai:doaj.org-article:f66c74d138754cf0b4cc311f77c1be392021-11-13T00:00:23ZOn Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models2151-153510.1109/JSTARS.2020.2988428https://doaj.org/article/f66c74d138754cf0b4cc311f77c1be392020-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9076252/https://doaj.org/toc/2151-1535Remote sensing provides high accuracy/precision for quantifying forest biophysical parameters needed for ecological management. Although the significant impact of bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) on remote sensing of vegetation is well known, current forest metrics derived from sensor data seldom take leaf BSDF into account, and despite the importance of BSDF effects, leaf directional scattering measurements are almost nonexistent. Previous studies have been limited in the spectral coverage and resolution of observed electromagnetic radiation and lacked models to interpolate all source-sensor angles beyond measurements. This study captured deciduous broadleaf bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) from the visible through shortwave infrared spectral regions (350–2500 nm) and accurately modeled the BRDF for extension to any illumination angle, viewing zenith, or azimuthal angle. We measured biconical directional reflectance factor of leaves from three species of large trees, Norway maple (<italic>Acer platanoides</italic>), American sweetgum (<italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic>), and northern red oak (<italic>Quercus rubra</italic>). We then fit the data through nonlinear regression to physical, microfacet BRDF models, resulting in normalized root-mean-square errors of less than 8%, averaged across all wavelengths (excluding low signal-to-noise spectral regions). We extracted leaf physical parameters, including the index of refraction and a relative physical roughness from the microfacet models delineating the three species. The implications for forestry remote sensing are important, as rigorous models to represent leaves allow for the creation of more accurate forest scenes for radiative transfer modeling. Such accuracy enables higher fidelity sensor evaluations and data processing algorithms.Benjamin D. RothMichael Grady SaundersCharles M. BachmannJan Andreas van AardtIEEEarticleBidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF)goniometerhyperspectralleaf optical propertiesremote sensingOcean engineeringTC1501-1800Geophysics. Cosmic physicsQC801-809ENIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Pp 1761-1771 (2020) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) goniometer hyperspectral leaf optical properties remote sensing Ocean engineering TC1501-1800 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809 |
| spellingShingle |
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) goniometer hyperspectral leaf optical properties remote sensing Ocean engineering TC1501-1800 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809 Benjamin D. Roth Michael Grady Saunders Charles M. Bachmann Jan Andreas van Aardt On Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models |
| description |
Remote sensing provides high accuracy/precision for quantifying forest biophysical parameters needed for ecological management. Although the significant impact of bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) on remote sensing of vegetation is well known, current forest metrics derived from sensor data seldom take leaf BSDF into account, and despite the importance of BSDF effects, leaf directional scattering measurements are almost nonexistent. Previous studies have been limited in the spectral coverage and resolution of observed electromagnetic radiation and lacked models to interpolate all source-sensor angles beyond measurements. This study captured deciduous broadleaf bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) from the visible through shortwave infrared spectral regions (350–2500 nm) and accurately modeled the BRDF for extension to any illumination angle, viewing zenith, or azimuthal angle. We measured biconical directional reflectance factor of leaves from three species of large trees, Norway maple (<italic>Acer platanoides</italic>), American sweetgum (<italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic>), and northern red oak (<italic>Quercus rubra</italic>). We then fit the data through nonlinear regression to physical, microfacet BRDF models, resulting in normalized root-mean-square errors of less than 8%, averaged across all wavelengths (excluding low signal-to-noise spectral regions). We extracted leaf physical parameters, including the index of refraction and a relative physical roughness from the microfacet models delineating the three species. The implications for forestry remote sensing are important, as rigorous models to represent leaves allow for the creation of more accurate forest scenes for radiative transfer modeling. Such accuracy enables higher fidelity sensor evaluations and data processing algorithms. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Benjamin D. Roth Michael Grady Saunders Charles M. Bachmann Jan Andreas van Aardt |
| author_facet |
Benjamin D. Roth Michael Grady Saunders Charles M. Bachmann Jan Andreas van Aardt |
| author_sort |
Benjamin D. Roth |
| title |
On Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models |
| title_short |
On Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models |
| title_full |
On Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models |
| title_fullStr |
On Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models |
| title_full_unstemmed |
On Leaf BRDF Estimates and Their Fit to Microfacet Models |
| title_sort |
on leaf brdf estimates and their fit to microfacet models |
| publisher |
IEEE |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/f66c74d138754cf0b4cc311f77c1be39 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT benjamindroth onleafbrdfestimatesandtheirfittomicrofacetmodels AT michaelgradysaunders onleafbrdfestimatesandtheirfittomicrofacetmodels AT charlesmbachmann onleafbrdfestimatesandtheirfittomicrofacetmodels AT janandreasvanaardt onleafbrdfestimatesandtheirfittomicrofacetmodels |
| _version_ |
1718430350506459136 |