Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides in North America. Numerous studies document the negative effects of neonicotinoids on bees, and it remains crucial to demonstrate if neonicotinoids affect other non-target insects, such as butterflies. Here we examine how two neonicotinoids (imida...

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Autores principales:	Cody Prouty, Paola Barriga, Andrew K. Davis, Vera Krischik, Sonia Altizer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	clothianidin imidacloprid <i>Danaus plexippus</i> sub-lethal effects toxicity <i>Asclepias</i> Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f69c14e5cbe041e18bc57d490ece9d21
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f69c14e5cbe041e18bc57d490ece9d212021-11-25T17:59:27ZHost Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies10.3390/insects121109992075-4450https://doaj.org/article/f69c14e5cbe041e18bc57d490ece9d212021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/11/999https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4450Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides in North America. Numerous studies document the negative effects of neonicotinoids on bees, and it remains crucial to demonstrate if neonicotinoids affect other non-target insects, such as butterflies. Here we examine how two neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and clothianidin) affect the development, survival, and flight of monarch butterflies, and how these chemicals interact with the monarch’s milkweed host plant. We first fed caterpillars field-relevant low doses (0.075 and 0.225 ng/g) of neonicotinoids applied to milkweed leaves (<i>Asclepias incarnata</i>), and found no significant reductions in larval development rate, pre-adult survival, or adult flight performance. We next fed larvae higher neonicotinoid doses (4–70 ng/g) and reared them on milkweed species known to produce low, moderate, or high levels of secondary toxins (cardenolides). Monarchs exposed to the highest dose of clothianidin (51–70 ng/g) experienced pupal deformity, low survival to eclosion, smaller body size, and weaker adult grip strength. This effect was most evident for monarchs reared on the lowest cardenolide milkweed (<i>A. incarnata</i>), whereas monarchs reared on the high-cardenolide <i>A. curassavica</i> showed no significant reductions in any variable measured. Our results indicate that monarchs are tolerant to low doses of neonicotinoid, and that negative impacts of neonicotinoids depend on host plant type. Plant toxins may confer protective effects or leaf physical properties may affect chemical retention. Although neonicotinoid residues are ubiquitous on milkweeds in agricultural and ornamental settings, commonly encountered doses below 50 ng/g are unlikely to cause substantial declines in monarch survival or migratory performance.Cody ProutyPaola BarrigaAndrew K. DavisVera KrischikSonia AltizerMDPI AGarticleclothianidinimidacloprid<i>Danaus plexippus</i>sub-lethal effectstoxicity<i>Asclepias</i>ScienceQENInsects, Vol 12, Iss 999, p 999 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	clothianidin imidacloprid <i>Danaus plexippus</i> sub-lethal effects toxicity <i>Asclepias</i> Science Q
spellingShingle	clothianidin imidacloprid <i>Danaus plexippus</i> sub-lethal effects toxicity <i>Asclepias</i> Science Q Cody Prouty Paola Barriga Andrew K. Davis Vera Krischik Sonia Altizer Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies
description	Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides in North America. Numerous studies document the negative effects of neonicotinoids on bees, and it remains crucial to demonstrate if neonicotinoids affect other non-target insects, such as butterflies. Here we examine how two neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and clothianidin) affect the development, survival, and flight of monarch butterflies, and how these chemicals interact with the monarch’s milkweed host plant. We first fed caterpillars field-relevant low doses (0.075 and 0.225 ng/g) of neonicotinoids applied to milkweed leaves (<i>Asclepias incarnata</i>), and found no significant reductions in larval development rate, pre-adult survival, or adult flight performance. We next fed larvae higher neonicotinoid doses (4–70 ng/g) and reared them on milkweed species known to produce low, moderate, or high levels of secondary toxins (cardenolides). Monarchs exposed to the highest dose of clothianidin (51–70 ng/g) experienced pupal deformity, low survival to eclosion, smaller body size, and weaker adult grip strength. This effect was most evident for monarchs reared on the lowest cardenolide milkweed (<i>A. incarnata</i>), whereas monarchs reared on the high-cardenolide <i>A. curassavica</i> showed no significant reductions in any variable measured. Our results indicate that monarchs are tolerant to low doses of neonicotinoid, and that negative impacts of neonicotinoids depend on host plant type. Plant toxins may confer protective effects or leaf physical properties may affect chemical retention. Although neonicotinoid residues are ubiquitous on milkweeds in agricultural and ornamental settings, commonly encountered doses below 50 ng/g are unlikely to cause substantial declines in monarch survival or migratory performance.
format	article
author	Cody Prouty Paola Barriga Andrew K. Davis Vera Krischik Sonia Altizer
author_facet	Cody Prouty Paola Barriga Andrew K. Davis Vera Krischik Sonia Altizer
author_sort	Cody Prouty
title	Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies
title_short	Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies
title_full	Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies
title_fullStr	Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies
title_full_unstemmed	Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies
title_sort	host plant species mediates impact of neonicotinoid exposure to monarch butterflies
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f69c14e5cbe041e18bc57d490ece9d21
work_keys_str_mv	AT codyprouty hostplantspeciesmediatesimpactofneonicotinoidexposuretomonarchbutterflies AT paolabarriga hostplantspeciesmediatesimpactofneonicotinoidexposuretomonarchbutterflies AT andrewkdavis hostplantspeciesmediatesimpactofneonicotinoidexposuretomonarchbutterflies AT verakrischik hostplantspeciesmediatesimpactofneonicotinoidexposuretomonarchbutterflies AT soniaaltizer hostplantspeciesmediatesimpactofneonicotinoidexposuretomonarchbutterflies
_version_	1718411779256614912

Host Plant Species Mediates Impact of Neonicotinoid Exposure to Monarch Butterflies

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