Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater

Most salt tolerant plants, halophytes, use seed germination for natural regeneration. However, germination in mixed-salt environments such as seawater is poorly understood and ion toxicity by Cl−, the most highly concentrated ion in seawater, is rarely considered over Na+. Here, we investigate Cl− t...

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Autores principales:	Charlotte E. Seal, Timothy J. Flowers, Clément Esnaud, Margaret Yeo, Adele Muscolo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Chloride toxicity Halophyte Halotime model Salinity Seed germination Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f6e350fd69544507966c0ddc4b68f4df
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f6e350fd69544507966c0ddc4b68f4df2021-12-04T04:36:37ZIs chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater2667-064X10.1016/j.stress.2021.100030https://doaj.org/article/f6e350fd69544507966c0ddc4b68f4df2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667064X21000294https://doaj.org/toc/2667-064XMost salt tolerant plants, halophytes, use seed germination for natural regeneration. However, germination in mixed-salt environments such as seawater is poorly understood and ion toxicity by Cl−, the most highly concentrated ion in seawater, is rarely considered over Na+. Here, we investigate Cl− toxicity in the germination of the halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of artificial seawater (ASW). Seeds were germinated at 15/5 °C in dilutions of ASW and at concentrations of NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and KCl as found in ASW. Solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used for osmotic comparison. Germination percentage and normal seedlings were quantified. Non-germinated seeds were tested for recovery on water. Germination rate (1/t50) was used in a halotime model to quantify the maximum concentration of Cl− (Cl−max) and Na+ (Na+max) for germination. Germination was most negatively affected when all salts were combined in the concentrations found in ASW. Recovery of non-germinated seeds from all salt treatments on water was low, but all germinated seeds formed normal seedlings. Germination on ASW was higher than on iso-osmotic solutions of PEG. The 1/t50 decreased with increasing Cl− and Na+ concentration, indicating maximum thresholds to germination at 1381 mM (Cl−max) and 1262 mM (Na+max). The results indicate that ASW does not produce an osmotic limitation to the germination of S. maritima, and exposure to salt ions can even promote germination. However, ion toxicity is the major limitation, with Cl− similarly as toxic as Na+. In mixed-salt environments such as seawater, Cl− toxicity should not be overlooked.Charlotte E. SealTimothy J. FlowersClément EsnaudMargaret YeoAdele MuscoloElsevierarticleChloride toxicityHalophyteHalotime modelSalinitySeed germinationPlant ecologyQK900-989ENPlant Stress, Vol 2, Iss , Pp 100030- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Chloride toxicity Halophyte Halotime model Salinity Seed germination Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	Chloride toxicity Halophyte Halotime model Salinity Seed germination Plant ecology QK900-989 Charlotte E. Seal Timothy J. Flowers Clément Esnaud Margaret Yeo Adele Muscolo Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater
description	Most salt tolerant plants, halophytes, use seed germination for natural regeneration. However, germination in mixed-salt environments such as seawater is poorly understood and ion toxicity by Cl−, the most highly concentrated ion in seawater, is rarely considered over Na+. Here, we investigate Cl− toxicity in the germination of the halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of artificial seawater (ASW). Seeds were germinated at 15/5 °C in dilutions of ASW and at concentrations of NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and KCl as found in ASW. Solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used for osmotic comparison. Germination percentage and normal seedlings were quantified. Non-germinated seeds were tested for recovery on water. Germination rate (1/t50) was used in a halotime model to quantify the maximum concentration of Cl− (Cl−max) and Na+ (Na+max) for germination. Germination was most negatively affected when all salts were combined in the concentrations found in ASW. Recovery of non-germinated seeds from all salt treatments on water was low, but all germinated seeds formed normal seedlings. Germination on ASW was higher than on iso-osmotic solutions of PEG. The 1/t50 decreased with increasing Cl− and Na+ concentration, indicating maximum thresholds to germination at 1381 mM (Cl−max) and 1262 mM (Na+max). The results indicate that ASW does not produce an osmotic limitation to the germination of S. maritima, and exposure to salt ions can even promote germination. However, ion toxicity is the major limitation, with Cl− similarly as toxic as Na+. In mixed-salt environments such as seawater, Cl− toxicity should not be overlooked.
format	article
author	Charlotte E. Seal Timothy J. Flowers Clément Esnaud Margaret Yeo Adele Muscolo
author_facet	Charlotte E. Seal Timothy J. Flowers Clément Esnaud Margaret Yeo Adele Muscolo
author_sort	Charlotte E. Seal
title	Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater
title_short	Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater
title_full	Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater
title_fullStr	Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater
title_full_unstemmed	Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater
title_sort	is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? a case study with the coastal halophyte suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f6e350fd69544507966c0ddc4b68f4df
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Is chloride toxic to seed germination in mixed-salt environments? A case study with the coastal halophyte Suaeda maritima in the presence of seawater

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