Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh member of the coronaviruses (CoVs) family that infects humans and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is currently a global pandemic. Widespread secretion of cytokines has been shown to occur early in...

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Autores principales:	M. Khaksari, N. Sabet, Z. Soltani, H. Bashiri
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	RU
Publicado:	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera 2019
Materias:	coronavirus disease 2019, gender difference, inflammation, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, estrogen, progesterone Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f6faed35274d4b76ae603f2728282a67
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f6faed35274d4b76ae603f2728282a672021-11-22T07:09:56ZGender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome2220-76192313-739810.15789/2220-7619-GRR-1664https://doaj.org/article/f6faed35274d4b76ae603f2728282a672019-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1664https://doaj.org/toc/2220-7619https://doaj.org/toc/2313-7398Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh member of the coronaviruses (CoVs) family that infects humans and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is currently a global pandemic. Widespread secretion of cytokines has been shown to occur early in severe cases of the disease and can be an effective factor in the rapid progression of the disease. The storm of cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-7, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and gamma interferon (INF-ɣ) has been reported in several organ failures. Systemic inflammation indicates an advanced stage of acute disease, which is characterized by multiple organ failure and elevated key inflammatory markers. The important disturbances in the various body systems such as alveolar damage and pulmonary edema in the lung, increase of liver enzymes in the liver, decrease of microbiota and increase of mesenteric edema in the gastrointestinal system, increase of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidney, myocardial dysfunction, arrhythmia and cardiac enzymes elevation in the heart, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema and encephalopathy in the brain have been reported. Studies have shown a gender difference between the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. In this review, we investigated the gender difference in the systemic effects of COVID-19 and found that this gender difference exists especially in the respiratory, cardiovascular, liver, gastrointestinal and kidney systems. Due to the worse outcome of COVID in males, the role of female sex hormones in causing these gender differences is noticeable. There can be a systemic and local effect of female sex hormones, especially estrogen and possibly progesterone, on various cells. Among the effects of these hormones is the regulation of localized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels. ACE2 is the route of entry for SARS-CoV-2 virus into the cell. It is hoped that this review would address gender differences for better management of COVID-19 treatment.M. KhaksariN. SabetZ. SoltaniH. BashiriSankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pasteraarticlecoronavirus disease 2019, gender difference, inflammation, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, estrogen, progesteroneInfectious and parasitic diseasesRC109-216RUInfekciâ i Immunitet, Vol 0, Iss 0 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	RU
topic	coronavirus disease 2019, gender difference, inflammation, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, estrogen, progesterone Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
spellingShingle	coronavirus disease 2019, gender difference, inflammation, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, estrogen, progesterone Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 M. Khaksari N. Sabet Z. Soltani H. Bashiri Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome
description	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh member of the coronaviruses (CoVs) family that infects humans and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is currently a global pandemic. Widespread secretion of cytokines has been shown to occur early in severe cases of the disease and can be an effective factor in the rapid progression of the disease. The storm of cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-7, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and gamma interferon (INF-ɣ) has been reported in several organ failures. Systemic inflammation indicates an advanced stage of acute disease, which is characterized by multiple organ failure and elevated key inflammatory markers. The important disturbances in the various body systems such as alveolar damage and pulmonary edema in the lung, increase of liver enzymes in the liver, decrease of microbiota and increase of mesenteric edema in the gastrointestinal system, increase of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidney, myocardial dysfunction, arrhythmia and cardiac enzymes elevation in the heart, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema and encephalopathy in the brain have been reported. Studies have shown a gender difference between the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. In this review, we investigated the gender difference in the systemic effects of COVID-19 and found that this gender difference exists especially in the respiratory, cardiovascular, liver, gastrointestinal and kidney systems. Due to the worse outcome of COVID in males, the role of female sex hormones in causing these gender differences is noticeable. There can be a systemic and local effect of female sex hormones, especially estrogen and possibly progesterone, on various cells. Among the effects of these hormones is the regulation of localized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels. ACE2 is the route of entry for SARS-CoV-2 virus into the cell. It is hoped that this review would address gender differences for better management of COVID-19 treatment.
format	article
author	M. Khaksari N. Sabet Z. Soltani H. Bashiri
author_facet	M. Khaksari N. Sabet Z. Soltani H. Bashiri
author_sort	M. Khaksari
title	Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome
title_short	Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome
title_full	Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome
title_fullStr	Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome
title_full_unstemmed	Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome
title_sort	gender-related response of body systems in covid-19 affects outcome
publisher	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/f6faed35274d4b76ae603f2728282a67
work_keys_str_mv	AT mkhaksari genderrelatedresponseofbodysystemsincovid19affectsoutcome AT nsabet genderrelatedresponseofbodysystemsincovid19affectsoutcome AT zsoltani genderrelatedresponseofbodysystemsincovid19affectsoutcome AT hbashiri genderrelatedresponseofbodysystemsincovid19affectsoutcome
_version_	1718417891712303104

Gender-Related Response of Body Systems in COVID-19 Affects Outcome

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