Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing

In fields such as biology, archeology, and industry, underwater photogrammetry can be achieved using consumer-grade equipment. However, camera operations underwater differ considerably from those on land because underwater photogrammetry involves different optical phenomena. On the basis of the requ...

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Autores principales:	Chun-Feng Chou, Cheng-Mu Tsai, Chao-Hsien Chen, Yung-Hao Wong, Yi-Chin Fang, Chan-Chuan Wen, Hsiao-Yi Lee, Hien-Thanh Le, Shun-Hsyung Chang, Hsing-Yuan Liao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	optical design photogrammetry extended optimization light spectrum genetic algorithm Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f712baad99704fa6baefa7322cb47e9a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f712baad99704fa6baefa7322cb47e9a2021-11-11T15:15:27ZOptical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing10.3390/app1121102002076-3417https://doaj.org/article/f712baad99704fa6baefa7322cb47e9a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10200https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417In fields such as biology, archeology, and industry, underwater photogrammetry can be achieved using consumer-grade equipment. However, camera operations underwater differ considerably from those on land because underwater photogrammetry involves different optical phenomena. On the basis of the requirements and specifications of the marine vessel Polaris, we developed a novel underwater camera with prime and zoom lenses and a high resolving power. The camera can be used in the spectrum in shallow water and the blue–green spectrum in deep water. In the past, ordinary cameras would be placed in waterproof airtight boxes for underwater photography. These cameras were not optimized to the underwater spectrum and environment, resulting in no breakthroughs in resolving power. Furthermore, the use of the blue spectrum greatly increases during underwater and particularly deep-water surveying. Chromatic aberration and focus-point displacement generated by the shift from the shallow-water spectrum to the blue–green spectrum in deep water makes universal underwater photography even more difficult. Our proposed optical design aimed to overcome such challenges for the development of a high-resolution underwater surveying camera. We designed a prime lens and a zoom lens. We adopted a waterproof dome window on the outer surface as the basic structure and optimized it in accordance with the conditions of different water depths and spectra to obtain distortion within ±2% and high-resolution underwater imaging quality. For the zoom lens design, we employed a genetic algorithm in Zemax to attenuate chromatic aberration as a kind of extended optimization. This novel optical design that can be used in all waters is expected to greatly reduce the volume and weight of conventional underwater cameras by more than 50% and 60%, respectively, and increase their resolving power by 30–40%.Chun-Feng ChouCheng-Mu TsaiChao-Hsien ChenYung-Hao WongYi-Chin FangChan-Chuan WenHsiao-Yi LeeHien-Thanh LeShun-Hsyung ChangHsing-Yuan LiaoMDPI AGarticleoptical designphotogrammetryextended optimizationlight spectrumgenetic algorithmTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10200, p 10200 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	optical design photogrammetry extended optimization light spectrum genetic algorithm Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	optical design photogrammetry extended optimization light spectrum genetic algorithm Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Chun-Feng Chou Cheng-Mu Tsai Chao-Hsien Chen Yung-Hao Wong Yi-Chin Fang Chan-Chuan Wen Hsiao-Yi Lee Hien-Thanh Le Shun-Hsyung Chang Hsing-Yuan Liao Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing
description	In fields such as biology, archeology, and industry, underwater photogrammetry can be achieved using consumer-grade equipment. However, camera operations underwater differ considerably from those on land because underwater photogrammetry involves different optical phenomena. On the basis of the requirements and specifications of the marine vessel Polaris, we developed a novel underwater camera with prime and zoom lenses and a high resolving power. The camera can be used in the spectrum in shallow water and the blue–green spectrum in deep water. In the past, ordinary cameras would be placed in waterproof airtight boxes for underwater photography. These cameras were not optimized to the underwater spectrum and environment, resulting in no breakthroughs in resolving power. Furthermore, the use of the blue spectrum greatly increases during underwater and particularly deep-water surveying. Chromatic aberration and focus-point displacement generated by the shift from the shallow-water spectrum to the blue–green spectrum in deep water makes universal underwater photography even more difficult. Our proposed optical design aimed to overcome such challenges for the development of a high-resolution underwater surveying camera. We designed a prime lens and a zoom lens. We adopted a waterproof dome window on the outer surface as the basic structure and optimized it in accordance with the conditions of different water depths and spectra to obtain distortion within ±2% and high-resolution underwater imaging quality. For the zoom lens design, we employed a genetic algorithm in Zemax to attenuate chromatic aberration as a kind of extended optimization. This novel optical design that can be used in all waters is expected to greatly reduce the volume and weight of conventional underwater cameras by more than 50% and 60%, respectively, and increase their resolving power by 30–40%.
format	article
author	Chun-Feng Chou Cheng-Mu Tsai Chao-Hsien Chen Yung-Hao Wong Yi-Chin Fang Chan-Chuan Wen Hsiao-Yi Lee Hien-Thanh Le Shun-Hsyung Chang Hsing-Yuan Liao
author_facet	Chun-Feng Chou Cheng-Mu Tsai Chao-Hsien Chen Yung-Hao Wong Yi-Chin Fang Chan-Chuan Wen Hsiao-Yi Lee Hien-Thanh Le Shun-Hsyung Chang Hsing-Yuan Liao
author_sort	Chun-Feng Chou
title	Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing
title_short	Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing
title_full	Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing
title_fullStr	Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing
title_full_unstemmed	Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing
title_sort	optical design and optimization with genetic algorithm for high-resolution optics applied to underwater remote-sensing
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f712baad99704fa6baefa7322cb47e9a
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Optical Design and Optimization with Genetic Algorithm for High-Resolution Optics Applied to Underwater Remote-Sensing

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