Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies

Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one puta...

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Autores principales:	Terence Peter Scott, Louis Hendrik Nel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Rabies lyssavirus encephalitis zoonosis immune evasion pathophysiology Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f72f9798af94476694584d8e817461f3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f72f9798af94476694584d8e817461f32021-12-02T11:44:02ZLyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies1664-322410.3389/fimmu.2021.786953https://doaj.org/article/f72f9798af94476694584d8e817461f32021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.786953/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-3224Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one putative species of lyssavirus have been identified. Rabies lyssavirus remains endemic throughout mainland Africa, where the domestic dog is the primary reservoir – resulting in the highest per capita death rate from rabies globally. Rabies is typically transmitted through the injection of virus-laden saliva through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. Due to the inhibition of specific immune responses by multifunctional viral proteins, the virus usually replicates at low levels in the muscle tissue and subsequently enters the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular junction. Pathogenic rabies lyssavirus strains inhibit innate immune signaling and induce cellular apoptosis as the virus progresses to the central nervous system and brain using viral protein facilitated retrograde axonal transport. Rabies manifests in two different forms - the encephalitic and the paralytic form - with differing clinical manifestations and survival times. Disease symptoms are thought to be due mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than neuronal apoptosis. While much is known about rabies, there remain many gaps in knowledge about the neuropathology of the disease. It should be emphasized however, that rabies is vaccine preventable and dog-mediated human rabies has been eliminated in various countries. The global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in the foreseeable future is therefore an entirely feasible goal.Terence Peter ScottLouis Hendrik NelLouis Hendrik NelFrontiers Media S.A.articleRabieslyssavirusencephalitiszoonosisimmune evasionpathophysiologyImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENFrontiers in Immunology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Rabies lyssavirus encephalitis zoonosis immune evasion pathophysiology Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	Rabies lyssavirus encephalitis zoonosis immune evasion pathophysiology Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Terence Peter Scott Louis Hendrik Nel Louis Hendrik Nel Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies
description	Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one putative species of lyssavirus have been identified. Rabies lyssavirus remains endemic throughout mainland Africa, where the domestic dog is the primary reservoir – resulting in the highest per capita death rate from rabies globally. Rabies is typically transmitted through the injection of virus-laden saliva through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. Due to the inhibition of specific immune responses by multifunctional viral proteins, the virus usually replicates at low levels in the muscle tissue and subsequently enters the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular junction. Pathogenic rabies lyssavirus strains inhibit innate immune signaling and induce cellular apoptosis as the virus progresses to the central nervous system and brain using viral protein facilitated retrograde axonal transport. Rabies manifests in two different forms - the encephalitic and the paralytic form - with differing clinical manifestations and survival times. Disease symptoms are thought to be due mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than neuronal apoptosis. While much is known about rabies, there remain many gaps in knowledge about the neuropathology of the disease. It should be emphasized however, that rabies is vaccine preventable and dog-mediated human rabies has been eliminated in various countries. The global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in the foreseeable future is therefore an entirely feasible goal.
format	article
author	Terence Peter Scott Louis Hendrik Nel Louis Hendrik Nel
author_facet	Terence Peter Scott Louis Hendrik Nel Louis Hendrik Nel
author_sort	Terence Peter Scott
title	Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies
title_short	Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies
title_full	Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies
title_fullStr	Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies
title_full_unstemmed	Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies
title_sort	lyssaviruses and the fatal encephalitic disease rabies
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f72f9798af94476694584d8e817461f3
work_keys_str_mv	AT terencepeterscott lyssavirusesandthefatalencephaliticdiseaserabies AT louishendriknel lyssavirusesandthefatalencephaliticdiseaserabies AT louishendriknel lyssavirusesandthefatalencephaliticdiseaserabies
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Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies

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