Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.

The human fetal sphenoid is reported to have a cartilaginous connecting apparatus known as the alar process (AP), which connects the ala temporalis (AT) (angle of the greater wing of the sphenoid) to the basisphenoid (anlage of the sphenoid body). However, how the AP develops in humans is unclear. I...

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Autores principales:	Masahito Yamamoto, Hiroaki Abe, Hidetomo Hirouchi, Masaki Sato, Gen Murakami, José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez, Shinichi Abe
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f7e34f264521457d9e31316fc8bd468a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f7e34f264521457d9e31316fc8bd468a2021-12-02T20:05:06ZDevelopment of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0251068https://doaj.org/article/f7e34f264521457d9e31316fc8bd468a2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251068https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The human fetal sphenoid is reported to have a cartilaginous connecting apparatus known as the alar process (AP), which connects the ala temporalis (AT) (angle of the greater wing of the sphenoid) to the basisphenoid (anlage of the sphenoid body). However, how the AP develops in humans is unclear. In addition, although the AP is a common structure of the mammalian chondrocranium, little is known about whether it is really a fundamental feature in mammals. This study examined the histological sections of 20 human embryos and fetuses from 6 to 14 weeks of development, of 20 mouse embryos from embryonic days 12-18, and of 4 rats embryos form embryonic days 17 and 20. In addition, we reconsidered the definition of the AP by comparing humans and rats with mice. In humans, the AP was continuous with the basisphenoid but was separated from the AT by a thick perichondrium. Then, the AP-AT connection had a key-and-keyhole structure. Unlike a joint, no cavitation developed in this connection. In mice, there was no boundary between the AT and the basisphenoid, indicating the absence of the AP in the mouse chondrocranium. In rats, the AP was, however, separated from the AT by a thick perichondrium. Therefore, the AP can be defined as follows: the AP is temporally separated from the AT by a thick perichondrium or a key-and-keyhole structure during the fetal period. This is the first study that confirms the absence of the alar process in the mice skull, and its presence in other mammals skull should be further investigated.Masahito YamamotoHiroaki AbeHidetomo HirouchiMasaki SatoGen MurakamiJosé Francisco Rodríguez-VázquezShinichi AbePublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 7, p e0251068 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Masahito Yamamoto Hiroaki Abe Hidetomo Hirouchi Masaki Sato Gen Murakami José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez Shinichi Abe Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.
description	The human fetal sphenoid is reported to have a cartilaginous connecting apparatus known as the alar process (AP), which connects the ala temporalis (AT) (angle of the greater wing of the sphenoid) to the basisphenoid (anlage of the sphenoid body). However, how the AP develops in humans is unclear. In addition, although the AP is a common structure of the mammalian chondrocranium, little is known about whether it is really a fundamental feature in mammals. This study examined the histological sections of 20 human embryos and fetuses from 6 to 14 weeks of development, of 20 mouse embryos from embryonic days 12-18, and of 4 rats embryos form embryonic days 17 and 20. In addition, we reconsidered the definition of the AP by comparing humans and rats with mice. In humans, the AP was continuous with the basisphenoid but was separated from the AT by a thick perichondrium. Then, the AP-AT connection had a key-and-keyhole structure. Unlike a joint, no cavitation developed in this connection. In mice, there was no boundary between the AT and the basisphenoid, indicating the absence of the AP in the mouse chondrocranium. In rats, the AP was, however, separated from the AT by a thick perichondrium. Therefore, the AP can be defined as follows: the AP is temporally separated from the AT by a thick perichondrium or a key-and-keyhole structure during the fetal period. This is the first study that confirms the absence of the alar process in the mice skull, and its presence in other mammals skull should be further investigated.
format	article
author	Masahito Yamamoto Hiroaki Abe Hidetomo Hirouchi Masaki Sato Gen Murakami José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez Shinichi Abe
author_facet	Masahito Yamamoto Hiroaki Abe Hidetomo Hirouchi Masaki Sato Gen Murakami José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez Shinichi Abe
author_sort	Masahito Yamamoto
title	Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.
title_short	Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.
title_full	Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.
title_fullStr	Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.
title_full_unstemmed	Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.
title_sort	development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f7e34f264521457d9e31316fc8bd468a
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Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process.

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