Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study

Hüseyin Ünübol,1 Gökben Hızlı Sayar21Üsküdar University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Istanbul, Turkey; 2Üsküdar University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ist...

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Autores principales:	Ünübol H, Hızlı Sayar G
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2019
Materias:	Smoking quitting addiction attachment alexithymia well-being Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f813ee968826432789972ef4e0aa428d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f813ee968826432789972ef4e0aa428d2021-12-02T05:39:17ZPsychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study1178-2021https://doaj.org/article/f813ee968826432789972ef4e0aa428d2019-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/psychological-factors-associated-with-smoking-and-quitting-addiction-m-peer-reviewed-article-NDThttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2021Hüseyin Ünübol,1 Gökben Hızlı Sayar21Üsküdar University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Istanbul, Turkey; 2Üsküdar University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, Istanbul, TurkeyBackground: Smoking is the most important modifiable factor in increased morbidity and premature mortality. This study aims to examine the psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting in a broad, nationally representative sample.Participants and methods: The sample included a total of 24.494 adult individuals. Participants were divided into three groups as smokers, non-smokers, and “ex-smokers” who had stopped smoking since at least last one year. For the current smokers, cigarettes per day also noted. Brief Symptom Inventory, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Personal Well-Being Index Adult Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scales were used.Results: 43.6% (n=10,672) of the participants were smokers; 5.7% (1386) were ex-smokers; 50.7% (n=12,414) were non-smokers. A higher number of daily smoked cigarettes was related to all subscales of Brief Symptom Inventory, TAS - Difficulty in Recognition of emotions, TAS - Difficulty in Expressing Emotions, Positive Affect Score, Negative Affect Score, Avoidance and Anxious Attachment scores (p<0.05). Externally oriented thinking is found to be significantly higher among ex-smokers than current smokers and non-smokers (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that smokers have more psychopathological characteristics in the psychometric evaluation, whereas ex-smokers are found to have similar scores to non-smokers. The higher percentage of externally oriented-thinking style in ex-smokers may suggest that this alexithymic characteristic can help the individual to deal with psychological addiction throughout quitting. On the other hand this result could also be related that stopping smoking leads to greater externally orientated thinking and other changes in psychological characteristics.Keywords: smoking, quitting, addiction, attachment, alexithymia, well-beingÜnübol HHızlı Sayar GDove Medical PressarticleSmokingquittingaddictionattachmentalexithymiawell-beingNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571Neurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENNeuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Vol Volume 15, Pp 1971-1982 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Smoking quitting addiction attachment alexithymia well-being Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	Smoking quitting addiction attachment alexithymia well-being Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Ünübol H Hızlı Sayar G Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study
description	Hüseyin Ünübol,1 Gökben Hızlı Sayar21Üsküdar University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Applied Psychology, Istanbul, Turkey; 2Üsküdar University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, Istanbul, TurkeyBackground: Smoking is the most important modifiable factor in increased morbidity and premature mortality. This study aims to examine the psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting in a broad, nationally representative sample.Participants and methods: The sample included a total of 24.494 adult individuals. Participants were divided into three groups as smokers, non-smokers, and “ex-smokers” who had stopped smoking since at least last one year. For the current smokers, cigarettes per day also noted. Brief Symptom Inventory, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Personal Well-Being Index Adult Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scales were used.Results: 43.6% (n=10,672) of the participants were smokers; 5.7% (1386) were ex-smokers; 50.7% (n=12,414) were non-smokers. A higher number of daily smoked cigarettes was related to all subscales of Brief Symptom Inventory, TAS - Difficulty in Recognition of emotions, TAS - Difficulty in Expressing Emotions, Positive Affect Score, Negative Affect Score, Avoidance and Anxious Attachment scores (p<0.05). Externally oriented thinking is found to be significantly higher among ex-smokers than current smokers and non-smokers (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that smokers have more psychopathological characteristics in the psychometric evaluation, whereas ex-smokers are found to have similar scores to non-smokers. The higher percentage of externally oriented-thinking style in ex-smokers may suggest that this alexithymic characteristic can help the individual to deal with psychological addiction throughout quitting. On the other hand this result could also be related that stopping smoking leads to greater externally orientated thinking and other changes in psychological characteristics.Keywords: smoking, quitting, addiction, attachment, alexithymia, well-being
format	article
author	Ünübol H Hızlı Sayar G
author_facet	Ünübol H Hızlı Sayar G
author_sort	Ünübol H
title	Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study
title_short	Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study
title_full	Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study
title_fullStr	Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study
title_full_unstemmed	Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study
title_sort	psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of turkey study
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/f813ee968826432789972ef4e0aa428d
work_keys_str_mv	AT unubolh psychologicalfactorsassociatedwithsmokingandquittingaddictionmapofturkeystudy AT hızlısayarg psychologicalfactorsassociatedwithsmokingandquittingaddictionmapofturkeystudy
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Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study

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